Hardware and Software Essay

A way to make the revenue cycle run smoothly is by integrating hardware and software to assist in the setup of the various systems. This setup would make it easier for Riordan Manufacturing to access their financial information. We will discuss what hardware and software is needed, and will go on to identify who accesses this information. Another area to cover is the controls that need to be implemented based around the accounting procedures, and what information should be available through the corporate Internet and intranet. Examining Hardware and SoftwareTo integrate cost of goods sold into the accounting process Riordan Manufacturing would need a system to work for all locations. Currently, the thr ee locations have different systems. It would require software that is compatible for all locations as well. At the present time, each location uses different software as well. Information Shared Between Different Cycles One source of information to be shared would be the balance sheet. It highlights the company’s assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity. Another source of information to share is the income statement. The breakdown of revenue and expenses appear on this statement. The final results capture net profit or net loss. Access to Information While integrating this accounting process into an automated system there should be only a select few people who have access to the information contained in the database. Those people would include the database designer, the people or persons installing the hardware or software and database management. The database designer would need access to the information for obvious reasons along with the persons installing the hardware or software. Database management would need access to the information to insure that the information is being installed correctly and to insure breach of security is not an issue. When creating a database, there should be as few people as possible that have access to the information. That way information contained in the database can be kept as secure as possible. Internal Controls The internal controls required for the revenue cycle  specifically dealing with cost of goods sold are similar to other accounting areas. The first set of internal controls deal with whom has access to the accounting information system. The set of controls that deal with issues of security in the system and are embedded into the system are called IT general controls (Bagranoff 2008). IT general controls deal with whom is authorized to access and change data files. One of the general controls required for the company’s system would be restricting access to programs. The control would prevent unauthorized personal from changing anything in the program. The second area of internal controls or application controls deals with transactions. Application controls can be divided in three parts: input control, processing controls, and output controls (Bagranoff 2008). These three areas of control deal with data input, processing data and the reporting of processed data. Application controls are vital to ensuring accuracy and legitimacy of the data. Two common input internal controls that would be required are feedback mechanism and edit tests. Additional internal controls can be added to better facilitate the input processes. Processing data controls deals with the data after input. The first internal control needed is an audit trail. This control allows a person to follow the route the data has taken and will take. The second area is file control which ensures the integrity of the file. The final step in application control is the output controls. One area of concern in this area is control of company forms. In the area of revenue specifically cost of goods sold the forms that should be managed are purchase orders and inventory control sheets. Reports Generated IT is currently being used to support finance and accounting decisions, inventory control, and logistics. While it is apparent that the inventory methods in use are effective, there is room for improvement. Documenting the receipt of raw materials and shipping of manufactured items is done using paper invoices. IT can be applied to this process to achieve a  more streamlined approach. One way to streamline the process is to automate the receipt of raw materials so that necessary inventory data is automatically entered into the inventory system as raw materials are received, instead of waiting for clerks to input this data manually. Using bar code scanner technology to input this data would be a more efficient and would reduce errors. A similar process could be used for outbound shipping of finished products. Integrating bar code technology with Riordan’s existing database would allow management to receive real-time inventory data on raw materials received and manufactured products shipped. Making the data available in real-time, instead of having to wait for data entry clerks to manually input the data, would further enhance the business intelligence (BI) necessary to support both operational and strategic decision-making. Intranet or Internet As a way to make the accounting process easier for all involved, Riordan Manufacturing must brainstorm on how to provide information through the corporate intranet or Internet. In order to decide on where to list information, some detail on the meaning of the intranet and Internet is provided. â€Å"The intranet is for internal communications purposes. These computer networks use the same software as the Internet, but are internal to the organization that created them† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 7). â€Å"The Internet is a collection of local and wide area networks that are now connected together via the Internet backbone – that is, the main electronic connections of the system† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 5). A good way to use the intranet would be to have all locations connected. This in return would allow all information to be accessible to each location. At the same time, it saves time trying to get information forwarded to corporate. The intranet could be used to give updates on key issues relating to the accounting process as well. The Internet is a good place to provide customers with information on the history of Riordan Manufacturing. Another area of interest is listing some information on the products that are being sold. Listing a telephone number with a contact for the customer to call regarding issues is a good idea as well. Conclusion With the hardware and software implemented and having good internal controls over the accounting information will help to have more consistent and more accurate financial reports. The revenue cycle is an important factor in running the business from the time an order invoices to the time the order is collected. Being able to report quicker and faster on internal financial reports will even give the business a quick glance of how they are doing from week-to-week or monthly so they know what they need to work on, or even if they need to make a purchase. This way the business will always know where they stand on their financials. Reference Bagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., and Strand, C. (2008). Core Concepts of AccountingInformation Systems (10th ed.). [Electronic Version]. New York: Wiley. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from University of Phoenix, ACC/340, rEsource Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/login.aspBagranoff, N. A. (2008). Accounting on the Internet. [University of Phoenix CustomEdition e-text].John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from University ofPhoenix, ACC340 Web site.

Endometritis

Postpartum Endometritis Evidence Based Paper March 13, 2012 Endometritis is the inflammation or irritation of the uterus, which is a common post partum complication that occurs in more than 15% of all pregnancies and is currently the leading cause of maternal mortality (Scott & Hasik, 2001). When endometritis is not related to pregnancy, it is referred to as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideline defines PID as any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. From a pathologic perspective, endometritis can be classified as acute versus chronic. Acute endometritis is distinguished by the presence of neutrophils within the endometrial glands. Chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of plasma cells and lymphocytes within the endometrial stroma.Chronic endometritis in the postpartum or post abortion patient is usually associat ed with retained products of conception after delivery or abortion. In the nonobstetric population, chronic endometritis has been associated with infections such as chlamydia, tuberculosis, bacterial vaginosis, and the presence of intrauterine devices (Rivlin, 2011). Early-onset postpartum endometritis occurs within two days of delivery, and the late-onset of the disease can occur up to six weeks postpartum.This condition will usually start as a local infection at the placental attachment site and if left untreated, can spread to the entire uterine endometrium (French & Smaill, 2004). There are numerous risks associated with this condition, and diagnosis relies heavily on the clinical judgment of the practitioner. The contamination of the uterine cavity with vaginal organisms during labor and delivery causes the disease. Both bacterial and viral infections may initiate endometritis and many of the agents that cause the infection are naturally present in the vagina.This condition arises commonly after delivery because delivery results in tears, rips or incisions in the vagina, cervix or uterus that allow these agents to enter the uterine lining. The infection can have several species of causative agents that can be aerobic or anaerobic flora (French & Smaill, 2004). The method of delivery will determine which causative agents prognosticate the possibility of endometritis. For vaginal deliveries, the presence of the organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis or genital cultures positive for aerobic gram-negative organisms can indicate endometritis.In cesarean births, the occurrence of certain bacteria such as group A hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci B, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma hominis in amniotic fluid cultures will put the patient at an increased risk for this infection (French & Smaill, 2004). With the increasing number of people opting for natural birth methods, including water births, the danger only multiplies. This is becaus e disinfecting procedures as they are carried out before major surgery is usually not practiced in a home environment.Prompt treatment is essential to prevent the spread of the infection through other areas of the body, including the blood. Prolonged infection can be fatal. The immediate postpartum period following birth is a time of increased risk for all women for infection. Microorganisms entering the reproductive tract and migrating into the blood and other parts of the body could result in life threatening septicemia (French & Smaill, 2004). Timely diagnosis and aggressive treatment is essential to prevent these complications.Complications of endometritis include infertility, extension of infection to involve the peritoneal cavity with peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and septic pelvic thrombophelbitis. Septic pelvic thrombophelbitis is a condition in which blood clots in one of the pelvic vessels become infected. If untreated it could progress to septic pulmonary embo li, in which the infected blood clots travel to the lungs and lead to death (French & Smaill, 2004).Septic shock is a life-threatening systemic infection usually caused by bacteria and on rare occasions follows postpartum endometritis. The bacteria that invade the bloodstream release a substance known as endotoxin, which causes decreased blood pressure, clot formation, major tissue injury, and leakage of fluids. Accordingly, organs may fail because they are not receiving enough blood and nutrients. Fortunately, this condition during pregnancy or in the postpartum period is a rare clinical event (Mazzeffi and Chen, 2010).Major risk factors for obstetric endometritis include the following: Cesarean delivery (especially if before 28 weeks' gestation), rupture of membranes lasting more than 24 hours, excessively long labors, severely meconium-stained amniotic fluid, manual placental removal, and extremes of patient age. Other threatening factors have been identified in additional st udies, including no prior cesarean delivery, preterm or postterm gestation, low infant Apgar scores, antepartum infections, preeclampsia, amnioinfusion, postpartum anemia, the presence of internal monitors, and steroid medications (Olsen, Butler, Willers ;amp; Gilad, 2010).Acute endometritis is typified by the existence of neutrophil cells in the endometrium. Neutrophils are white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that consume harmful bacteria, fungi, and other foreign materials. Characteristic symptoms of endometritis include abdominal distention or swelling, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever (100 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit), general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise), and lower abdominal or pelvic pain (uterine pain). Anemia occurs when a patient’s red blood cell count is lower than 4. -6. 0 million red blood cells per micro liter of blood. Losing large amounts of blood during delivery or prior to delivery may be a contributing fa ctor for a low red blood count, anemia and potentially endometritis. Red blood counts (RBC) are needed to indicate anemia and the sedimentation rate (ESR). The sedimentation rate measures the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour. It is a common hematology test that is a non-specific measure of inflammation, which is evident in endometritis.The diagnosis of postpartum endometritis is based on the presence of fever in the absence of any other cause. Uterine tenderness, purulent or foul-smelling lochia and leukocytosis are common clinical findings used to support the diagnosis of endometritis. Leukocytosis is a raised white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood. The standard definition for puerperal fever used for reporting rates of puerperal morbidity is an oral temperature of 100. 4 degrees centigrade or more on any two of the first ten days postpartum or 101. degrees or higher during the first 24 hours postpartum (French ; amp; Smaill, 2004). Additionally, when the above symptoms occur, urinalysis and urine culture may be done. However, endometrial cultures are rarely indicated because specimens collected through the cervix are usually contaminated by vaginal and cervical flora. A sterile technique with a speculum is used to avoid vaginal contamination, and the sample is sent for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. If fever persists for 48 hours (Some clinicians use a 72-hour cutoff) after endometritis is adequately treated, ther causes such as pelvic abscess and pelvic thrombophlebitis should be considered. Abdominal and pelvic imaging, usually done by CT, is sensitive for abscess but detects pelvic thrombophlebitis only if the clots are large. If the results of the imaging are negative, a trial of heparin is typically begun to treat presumed pelvic thrombophlebitis as a diagnosis of exclusion (Moldenhauer, 2008). Before the advent of the antibiotic era, puerperal fever was an important cause of maternal death.With the use of antibiotics, a sharp decrease in maternal acute postpartum infections has been observed, and it is now accepted that antibiotic treatment for postpartum endometritis is warranted. Intravenous broad-spectrum therapy (cephalsporins, penicillins, or clindamycin and genatmicin) is appropriate for the treatment of endometritis. Regimens with activity against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria are better than those without. There is no evidence that any one regimen is associated with fewer side effects.Once uncomplicated, endometritis has clinically improved with intravenous therapy, and oral therapy is not needed (French, 2003). Furthermore, it is essential that the patient receive supportive care including hydration, rest and pain relief. Antibiotics should be discontinued 24 hours after the patient is asymptomatic. Assessments should be taken of the lochia, vital signs, and changes in the women’s condition continue during treatment (Perry, Hockenberry ;amp; Lowdermilk, 2010). Treatment is usually considered successful after the woman is afebrile for 24 to 48 hours.If the initial antibiotic regimen does not result in resolution of fever and other symptoms within three days, the antibiotic regimen is usually changed. Consideration is also given to the possibility that the woman may have complications requiring specific treatment. The most effective treatment and least expensive treatment of postpartum infection is prevention. Preventative measures include good prenatal nutrition to control anemia and intrapartal hemorrhage. Good maternal perineal hygiene with through hand hygiene is emphasized.Strict adherence to aseptic techniques by all healthcare professionals during childbirth and the postpartum period is very important (Perry, Hockenberry ;amp; Lowdermilk, 2010). Endometritis is usually caused, in the postpartum scenario, because of a deficient care taken to avoid streptococcus and staphylococcus infections in the delivery ar ea. These two bacteria are present on every inch of our skin, and considering that delivery is the one time when the mother's insides are most exposed, precautionary measures to maintain a sterile environment in the delivery or birthing room should be taken.The benefit of antibiotic therapy for laboring women has been unquestionably established. Intravaginal metronidazole as surgical preparation and oral methylergometrine after delivery are two interventions that show promise as additional prophylactic interventions (French, 2003). Having a baby by Caesarean section is becoming increasingly common, despite the higher risks associated with the surgery compared to a vaginal birth. One important concern is the risk of infection, which is between five and 20 times greater for women who undergo scheduled or emergency Caesarean section.According to the Cochrane Review, â€Å"the single most important risk factor for postpartum maternal infection is Caesarean section. † The review f urther cited that antibiotics to women undergoing Caesarean section reduced the incidence of fever by 45 percent, wound infection by 39 percent, inflammation of the uterine lining by 38 percent and serious infectious complications for the mother by 31 percent (Nelson, 2010). This approach can significantly lower the risk of endometritis, particularly in women having surgery after extended labor and ruptured membranes.To prevent future infection, most doctors prescribe Cefazolin, which is administered intravenously immediately after the baby's umbilical cord is clamped. If you are at high risk, a second dose may be given eight hours later (French ;amp; Smaill, 2004). The overall goal for the postpartum client with endometritis is, â€Å"The patient will be free from infection. † Nursing management and general interventions of the patient would include the collection of vaginal and blood cultures, education on handy hygiene, the administration IV antibiotics and analgesics as p rescribed.Non-pharmacological interventions include distraction, imagery, relaxation, and application of hot and cold. Non-pharmacological interventions can restore the client’s sense of self-control, personal efficacy, and active participation in her care. It is essential that the information and method of delivery of information be tailored to the specific client and family (French ;amp; Smaill, 2004). Secondary to free from infection, an accurate nursing care plan for a postpartum patient with an with endometritis would include: 1.The patient will follow a specific, mutually agreed upon, healthcare maintenance plan. (The nurse should assume that first-time mothers lack sufficient knowledge regarding condition and treatment diagnosis, and therefore, needs education and specific instructions during the postpartum recovery period). If a mother has given birth to more than one child a review of proper heath care regimens is also justifiable. The new mother should receive instr uction pertaining to hygienic care for her perineal area. This care would include changing her perineal pad frequently and washing her hands afterwards.The presence of a wet pad against sutures is an excellent medium for the development of an infection that could potentially spread to the uterus. The use tampons should be prohibited for six weeks after delivery, since tampon use can cause infection or even toxic shock syndrome. It is the nurse’s responsibility to promote adequate rest and encourage a generous intake of nutrients and fluids. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley ;amp; Ladwig, 2011).The nurse should administer comfort measures to ease pain and teach the patient proper understanding of the condition as well as taking measures to correct the complications of endometritis (Perry, Hockenberry ;amp; Lowdermilk, 2010). 2. The patient will maintain oral temperature within adaptive levels (l ess than 100. 4 degrees). Evaluate the woman's temperature at the end of the first hour postpartum and then every four hours for the first 22 hours postpartum. Clients with endometritis typically have a fever, chills, general malaise, and may exhibit tachycardia.Oral temperature measurement provides a more accurate temperature than tympanic measurement, auxiliary, or use of a chemical dot thermometer. Use the same site and method device for temperature measurement for a given client so that temperature trends are assessed accurately (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). 3. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). The importance of prompt reporting of unrelieved pain is the patient’s responsibility.An important step toward improved control of pain is a better client understanding of the nature of pain, its treatment, and the role the client needs to play in pain control (Ackley & Ladwig , 2011). Despite the normalcy of childbirth, complications may arise that will have detrimental effects on the postpartum client. These include postpartum hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, and infections such as endometritis. Healthcare providers working with postpartum clients must have a clear understanding of these complications, including the symptoms, nursing interventions, and treatment.A cognizant nurse would carefully review the results of laboratory tests for signs of anemia, infection, and electrolyte imbalance. Blood cultures to identify the causative agents of potential infections are typically done, and white blood cell (WBC) counts are monitored. However, it is important to remember that the white blood cell count is normally elevated after delivery for a short period; continued monitoring of the WBC count is required in identifying endometritis (French, L. , & Smaill, F. M, 2004).Nearly 90% of women treated with an approved regimen note improvement in 48-72 hours. Del ay in initiation of antibiotic therapy can result in systemic toxicity. Endometritis is associated with increased maternal mortality due to septic shock. However, mortality is rare in the United States because of aggressive antimicrobial management. Most cases of endometritis, including those following cesarean delivery, should be treated in an inpatient setting. For mild cases following vaginal delivery, oral antibiotics in an outpatient setting may be adequate (French, L. & Smaill, F. M, 2004). References Ackley, B. J. , & Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care. (9th ed. , pp. 47,426-429,446-449,600-604). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. French, L. (2003). Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis. Current Women’s Health Reports, 3(4), 274-279. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12844449 French, L. , & Smaill, F. M. (2004). Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery. Co chrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Retrieved from http://www. rw. interscience. wiley. com/Cochrane/clsysrev /articles/CD001067/frame. html Mazzeffi, M. A. (2010). Severe postpartum sepsis with prolonged myocardial dysfunction: A case report by michael a. mazzeffi and katherine t. chen. Journal of Medical Case Reports, (4), 318. Retrieved from http://www. jmedicalcasereports. com/content/4/1/318 Moldenhauer, J. S. (2008, November). Puerperal endometritis. Retrieved from http://www. merckmanuals. com/professional/gynecology_and_obstetrics/postpartum_care_and_associated_disorders/puerperal_endometritis. tml Nelson, C. B. (2010, January 22). Routine antibiotic use reduces mothers’ infection risk from c- section. Health Behavior News Service. Retrieved from http://www. physorg. com/news183387263. html Olsen, M. A. , Butler, A. M. , Willers, D. M. , & Gilad, A. G. (2010). Risk factors for endometritis after low transverse cesarean delivery. Infection Control and Hospital E pidemiology, 31(1), 69-77. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org. proxy. li. suu. edu:2048/stable/10. 1086/649018 Perry, S. E. , Hockenberry, M. J. & Lowdermilk, D. L. (2010). Maternal child nursing care. (4th ed. , pp. 586-587). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby. Pillitteri, A. (1999) Maternal & Child Health Nursing, (3rd ed. pp. 789-792). Philadelphia: PA: Lippincott. Rivlin, M. E. (2011, June 14) Endometritis. Retrieved from http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/254169-overview Scott, L. D. , & Hasik, K. J. (2001). The similarities and differences of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 30(3), 332-41.

The Responsible Citizen

Responsibilities of a citizen| April 3 2013 | The responsibilities of a citizen. Responsibilities of a citizen General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform general public on the true responsibilities of a citizen Thesis Statement: Embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social group. Introduction: I. The government II. What are the roles of a citizen? III. The concept of ubuntu Body I. Ubuntu a. The heart of ubuntu II. The Plan a. Spread ubuntu III. What makes a citizen â€Å"good? † a. Opinions b. Perspectives ConclusionI. Embracing ubuntu II. Holistic and positive outlook III. If this philosophy is spread the result will be a more just, prosperous and equitable America Unlike the Government’s role that is clearly stated in the Preamble, the role of a citizen isn’t as clear. Even the bill of rights clearly states the rights of a citizen. It has been amended and made inclusive as to what d efines a citizen. Every citizen has an opinion on what the role is exactly, which makes it easy to be interpreted freely. It’s tempting to view the concept of citizenship from a Western perspective.This would lead naturally to such ideas as obeying laws, voting, defending one’s country, and so on. Implicit in this perspective is the sense of an individual, and of â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†. For many, these are not satisfactory, and leave a lingering sense of something missing. Perhaps it is the implied â€Å"should†, â€Å"must† or â€Å"have to† that causes a ripple of rebellion in the soul against these ideals. Throughout the years it has become evident that the role of a citizen goes beyond that. Those who are simple minded view their role as such.People who are deep thinkers tend to see other perspectives, many of which embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social g roup. One of them is the African concept of ubuntu. The word ubuntu comes from the southern African Bantu languages. Roughly translated, it means â€Å"I am what I am because of who we all are†. Ubuntu is the essence of being human. At the heart of the ubuntu philosophy is the idea that a person cannot be human in isolation. We are all connected, and a part of a greater whole.Therefore, we all benefit and grow when one person grows, and we are all diminished when one person is oppressed, humiliated or diminished in any way. Spreading the concept of ubuntu is the plan. This philosophy is an ideal one but it is more than possible. Increasing the knowledge of it will help citizens of the US become more in tune with their neighbors, more involved with society, and conscious of their actions on a daily bases. Citizens won’t be ashamed or embarrassed by what they don’t have or haven’t yet achieved and even if they are their fellow citizens won’t make the m feel any worse than they already do.In fact they would embrace them up and push them to acknowledge the thing that they do have and what they have achieved. So what then are the duties as a citizen within this philosophy? Simply, it is their responsibility to be open, generous of spirit, and affirming. Just as importantly, they never need to feel threatened by someone else’s success or happiness, because they belong to the greater whole, and so they are benefiting from everyone else’s happiness. Following rules or obeying laws is a natural consequence of this belief.The shift is from a negative to a positive point of view. So while the results may in many cases be the same, the motivation, sense of belonging and level of happiness can be dramatically different. In conclusion it is obvious that American society might not embrace this philosophy with open arms because of how â€Å"unusual† it may seem and the fact the society is basically every â€Å"man† for his self. The philosophy of ubuntu will make so many people uncomfortable because of how open they will have to be with one another.Since it is so different from any philosophy that is embraced by American society it may be hard to get someone to listen, accept, and practice it. America can embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social group. There is hope for this philosophy yet, Americans must learn to love and trust one another. This philosophy is the key to that lost love and trust. Some already practice it without knowledge. They are natural open, generous of spirit, and affirming.Too bad everyone cannot be like those individuals. Anything is possible and change is the only thing that remains constant, it just takes time. If this philosophy is spread the result will be a more just, prosperous and equitable America. Works Cited Ellis-Christensen, Tricia, and O. Wallace. â€Å"What Does It Mean to Be a US Cit izen? † WiseGeek. Conjecture, 05 Oct. 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. . Flippin, Jr. , Reverend William E. Ubuntu: Applying African Philosophy in Building Community. † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 05 Feb. 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. . Kelchner, Jen. â€Å"Ubuntu: The Philosophy of Interconnectedness-Change Your Life. Find The True You. † Avid Seed. Avid Seed, 08 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. .

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Management - Essay Example The Multinational companies are those which have more than one branch in different foreign countries. A global company is a kind of company which has no boundary, for a global company there is more than one head office in different foreign countries and there is no boundary in appointing the board of directions also (Lou, 1999). The difference between the global company and the multinational company is that the global companies don’t differentiate between the home country and host country employees. It is evident that though many international companies claim themselves as multinational companies but from their R & D, know-how, and technicalities they keep the host country aside. Here, it is important to note that, host country is the country in which the organization wants to do business and the home country is said to be the country in which the organization has its base that is the origin. A company is said to be a global company when the country would have similar amount o f representatives present in their board of directors from the home country as well as from the host country Recommendation: The recommendations depend on the nature of the company. If a company has sufficient amount of production so that it can export it in the international market then off course it is recommended for going outside of the country. For example, a dairy company can easily sell the oversupply of cheese and milk to the outside country. If a country has key competence in any of the field then the company can move to the international market to capture the international market. When the firm sufficiently produces surplus products it can go for international market. There are many other reasons for going international of firms. Justification: The move of a company for going international depends on the company’s strength on some parameters. There are mainly three reasons present for the justification of a company’s move towards international market. One is the increased of market share, possibility of increasing economies of scale and scope or learning, gaining competitive advantage, branding of the company (Lou, 1999). Increasing the market share is very important reason to go in the international market. Creating brand awareness among the customers is required to enhance the brand position. Global brand itself is a positioning of any company. If a company is positioned itself as a global brand then it can automatically create popularity and loyalty among the customers. Implementation: The organization should execute both primary and secondary market research for new foreign market to determine the market demand. Recommendation: Establishing franchisee is also a kind of international business strategy. For example, KFC has established its franchise system in different countries even in the third world nations by adopting the culture of the developing countries. Justification: Franchisee would be effective global expansion strategy. T he organization can capitalize on the international business opportunities through the seer knowledge of the franchisee owners about the market demand and several key cultural factors. Implementation: The organization should consider favorable location and footfall regarding the establishment of franchisee. A transparent agreement with the owners will help the organization to perform effective business performances. Recommendation:

Genetically Modified Organisms, U.S. and E.U. Trade Dispute Research Paper

Genetically Modified Organisms, U.S. and E.U. Trade Dispute - Research Paper Example , the EU argued that it has acted in good faith, stating that it has acted through the precautionary principle, in order to protect the interests of those who produced the non-GMO products for its markets. Despite this argument, the WTO ruled against the EU stating that it would have been necessary for the latter to provide credible scientific evidence concerning the potential harm of GMO before taking action against the authorization of American GMO into its markets (Viju, Yeung and Kerr 1207). As a response, the European Union has made amendments to its regulatory framework to ensure that its member states are given the power to ban any GMO products within their territories. However, there has been general agreement within the member states that the bans might not be effective in the current situation, with some arguing that the new proposed regulations might not be in line with the rules of the WTO. The complex nature of the EU’s decision making process has been blamed for the resulting trade dispute between the United States and the European Union. The fact that this dispute took place was due to the fact that the European Union is still extremely cautious concerning the importation of GMO into its territory. Most of the concern from the EU is based on the belief that some of the GMO that are imported, especially from the United States, may not be fit for human consumption and if consumed may end up having long term detrimental effects on the health of those who consume it. This is the reason why the EU chose to take on the precautionary principle, where it prevented any GMO products from the United States from entering any of the markets within its territory (Karlsson 51). During the case brought before the WTO, the argument that the EU was taking illegal action... This essay stresses that some political analysts have suggested that the best way to resolve this dispute would be for the United States to take the lead through the easing of restrictions against European beef products so that the EU can also see it fit to reciprocate in kind. In addition, there has been the suggestion that the creation of a free trade zone between the United States and the EU would create an avenue where there would be a reduction of trade disputes and an increase in cooperation between them. The fact that he enjoys the good will of the European public is likely to work in his favor not only in matters concerning the ending of the beef import stand off, but also those of the creation of the free trade zone. A free trade zone would be the ideal guarantee for the ending of most, if not all the disputes that involve these two entities. This report makes a conclusion that the existence of restrictions against American beef products in the European Union have also been created because of the need to ensure that these products are not in any way detrimental to the environment. The environmental impact of GMO products are yet to be fully analyzed and it is high time that research concerning it be conducted to ensure that better ways of managing these products are developed. The United States, on the other hand, has to adopt some of the concern about GMO effect on health and environment because very little research has been conducted on the subject. Through this adoption, there will be a better understanding of the reasons behind the European ban on some of its GMO products, and this will enable them to reach an amicable solution to their disputes.

Is there a trade-off between innovation and regulating quality in Essay

Is there a trade-off between innovation and regulating quality in higher education If so, what is the appropriate way to balan - Essay Example During this educational program, students are capable to explore their own selected area and effectively focus on four thematic areas such as policy, change, leadership and community diversity (The Trustees of Boston College, 2012). The department of ‘Educational Leadership and Higher Education’ provides Master’s as well as Doctoral programs for the applying students. The core objective of this department is to provide education to the students for leadership position. Moreover, this department also provides graduate level professional as well as certification programs. In this regard, the professional program provides education to the individuals regarding administrative position at the college as well as university level. While on the other hand, certification program in educational leadership provides education to the students regarding the managerial position (Saint Louis University, 2012). ‘Trade-Off’ is considered as a situation that implies for egoing on quality of something in return of gaining another quality. The basis objective of this paper is to demine the trade-off between innovation and regulating quality in higher education. Trade-Off between Innovation and Regulating Quality in Higher Education The term ‘innovation’ is considered as an initiation related to new ideas, thoughts, devices or methods. In the present context, higher education facilities are continuously evolving across the globe. In terms of innovation regarding educational curriculum activities are concerned, an instance can be witnessed of Western Governors University at the United Kingdom which considerably is focusing on bring about certain innovation in their educational system. Contextually, innovation regarding curriculum activities and development program assists this university to meet the educational standards at higher level. They expected that by initiation of innovation, they would facilitate effective educational facilities and also attract a wide number of students (Trane, 2012). At present, a majority of post graduate educational institutions and higher educational level universities are bringing about a lot of innovative changes regarding educational system. By taking into consideration regarding the Australian higher education system, certain arguments were presented by the Bradley Review of Higher Education in the year 2008. This educational standard reviewing authority demonstrated certain obvious changes about the existing educational systems such as setting of easy access regarding online education, certain regulatory aspects of educational procedures along with enhancing the quality of academic lectures. Since the year 1970, Australian government has encouraged several universities to critically evaluate their educational performance. In the year 1980, this evaluation was considerably accepted in order to improve the efficiency as well as effectiveness of educational program. In the last few d ecades, there has been a considerable turmoil regarding bringing in innovative changes in the education system which was quite difficult to carry out for the various universities (Varis, 2007). A number of colleges and universities in recent times are facing a diverse set of challenges in terms of ensuring quality of higher education along with incorporating sustained regulation. These challenges relate in

Change Through the Ages Part One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change Through the Ages Part One - Essay Example The society today places a lot of emphasis on technology as most systems are wired to work efficiently with technology. The world has made significant strides in technology from people using simple machines to make their jobs easier. In this case, the use of computers has evolved over time from doing simple tasks to performing complex operations (Pepe, 2011). The use of computers has made work efficient in various institutions and corporations as it can perform tasks that would otherwise be done by a lot of people. Companies have been able to save time and money by doing accounting work, auditing, keeping their records and even in communication with other people (Pepe, 2011). The work of computer scientist in the workplace is to ensure that the technology department is working smoothly. Their work is to make sure that all the machines in the company are working in great condition and also to ensure there is no internet threat to the operations of the business. Threats can be in the form of internet viruses, competitors trying to get information about the enterprise. Computer scientists are held in high esteem in the society today. This is because they hold companies together. They ensure that there is the free flow of information and ensure that the companys operations are running smoothly and efficiently. Any reputable company needs to have a computer scientist to ensure that all the computers are synced and are working well to make the flow of information much easier. Technology keeps getting better and better with time (Towner, 2012). People are always coming up with better technology, faster computers, sophisticated software that are not only much easier to use but also very fast. For instance, there is a significant difference between the first computers that were initially invented and the machines that people use now. Today, the computers are much smaller, use less energy, are much faster and have more storage capacities than the first computers

Manager and Effective Virtual Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Manager and Effective Virtual Team - Essay Example 83, 2000). The four of the most significant challenges are (1) useful communication, (2) rapport creation, (3) dealing with conflicts and (4) leadership. Technology offers lesser prosperity as well as communal existence than face-to-face situation. Group associates lose data they are used to depending upon. This can cause misunderstandings, unsupported typecasts and misinterpretations. The majority of communications on technology occur with a â€Å"lag time between one message being sent and another received† (Fisher & Fisher, p. 102, 2000). This lessens the closeness as well as effectiveness of response, yet simultaneously provides individuals time to consider during replies. Executives should concentrate on the procedures by which virtual teams should get used to the circumstances. They can find out how to utilize a selection of technologies to be in touch properly with accurateness. They can discover how to utilize the lack of prosperity to their benefit. Premium associatio ns, distinguished by confidence and esteem, collaboration and obligation, are significant in every group. They decrease the level of negative disagreement and develop the team’s aptitude to deal with and get value from job connected disagreement. They boost individuals’ ease in bringing different point of views to the job, and develop the possibility that individuals will support and achieve the team’s goals. At times, premium relationships are even more imperative for virtual teams than for ‘in person’ ones: groups with excellent dealings can more effortlessly work separately with no apprehension for the procedure or result. Disagreements within a virtual team situation are as inescapable as in a cooperative situation. Even though the phrase disagreement normally has a little negative implication, a number of disagreements are generally thought to be encouraging for team performance. Confidence is a requirement for successful disagreement resolutio n. Because of the different background of group associates, the concerns causing disagreements vary between traditions, what is noticed or inferred as disagreement varies, and ultimately methods for resolving disagreements vary. It is apparent that having a better perceptive of disagreement methods within virtual teams is very important. Each group requires a â€Å"planned workspace, defined roles, a clear task strategy and explicit interaction norms† (Lepsinger & DeRosa, p. 193). In a face-to-face team, team members can completely discuss these processes as they view and respond to one another’s facial looks as well as other non-verbal actions. Within a virtual team, there is no such chance, and virtual teams that do not deal with these procedures are frequently unsuccessful to â€Å"get off the ground† (Lepsinger & DeRosa, p. 82). It is the manager’s responsibility to support appropriate response as well as suggestion, and vigorously build on the groupà ¢â‚¬â„¢s strong points as they appear. The team head has liability to guarantee that supporters are â€Å"kept up to date and involved in key exercises, as well as engaged as important resources to access different information and contacts† (Lepsinger & DeRosa, p. 204). An executive should be capable to use the expertise the group is reliant upon, for instance, â€Å"

Describe and assess the evolution of China's science, technology, Essay

Describe and assess the evolution of China's science, technology, legal system and innovation policy - Essay Example As such, the Chinese government promotes the development of science and technology through increased funding, reforms in all sectors of economy. Currently, China has made significant advances in areas, such as high-tech manufacturing, education, patents, infrastructural development, commercial applications and academic publishing, some of which it has become the world leader. Currently, China is reportedly focusing on indigenous innovation, while at the same time trying to address the weaknesses in the area of science, technology and innovation in the country (Simon and Goldman 11). However, China has come a long way to reach where it has in terms of science, technology, and innovation. This paper analyzes the history of the Chinese science, technology, innovation, and legal system. Historically, China was a global leader in innovation, science, and technology. This was particularly so during the Qing Dynasty where China made significant innovations, including gunpowder, papermaking, compass and printing. These Chinese innovations contributed significantly to the economic growth of Europe and Asia. However, the Chinese focus on science, technology, and innovation soon faded from the wake of fourteenth century. The decline occurred since the Chinese scientists failed to form scholarly communities that would have helped them advance their research skills and development (Elman 43). At the same time, instead of focusing its effort on science, technology, and innovation, China concentrated on public administration, literature, and arts. In this regard, the Chinese people restricted science and technology only to limited practical applications. The increased focus on art, literature, and public administration resulted in a decline in Chinese intellectual with mathem atical and scientific skills who could carry out experiments. Lack of

Critical Review of Mothers and Children in Medieval Jewish History Essay

Critical Review of Mothers and Children in Medieval Jewish History - Essay Example One interesting aspect of the book was the fact that she gathered information from a very wide variety of sources and all of the texts were "written by and for men" (19). Baumgarten used the following sources for her research: "Halakhic response (questions asked of rabbis), exempla, information recorded in ritual books, comprehensive books of commandments, biblical and Talmic commentary, liturgical poetry, medical tractates, polemical compositions, lists of the dead and gravestones. He also used canon law, municipal records, medical texts, commentaries on the Bible (both the old and new testaments), legenda that gives information about the Jewish community and contacts between the Jews and Christians (p. 17). Her work also was heavily influenced by a book called the "Sefer Hasidim", which provided the information about parent and child relationships and attitudes towards children and family life" (19). The book is divided into five chapters and they are categorized by the issues that women dealt with: Birth, Circumcision and Baptism, Additional Birth Rituals, Maternal nursing and wet nursing: Feeding and caring of infants and Parents and Children: Conflicting values ("Contents"). These categories provided a way for the reader to compartmentalize the information so that it would not be so overwhelming. In the first chapter on birth, I found it appalling that women were left out of birth. They were supposed to have children (particularly male children) but the fathers were more important in the process as seen by several quotes from the firt quote opened chapter one and spoke about how it is a mans responsibility to pray for the child at every part of its birth. They leave out the womans part in the process (21). The second quote is attached to the "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and conquer it" (Gen. 1:28) (28). This suggests, according to the author, that men are in the position

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource - Essay Example Furthermore, more detailed ideas and concepts about the said topic are elaborately obtained from various studies through the use of academic journals. Critical evaluation There is no question about it; sexual harassment is prevalent in diverse parts of the world especially in the workplace. The sad thing about it is the thought that victims have little idea that they were already sexually harassed. One reason may be due to cultural orientation (Poulston, 2008). Some may have different perspective about it (Pierce et al., 2004). This further resulted to situation in which sexual harassment and its definition has not been fully understood by all. It is therefore important to study on this aspect because this can be informative to individuals especially those who have little information about the abusive capacity of those who can impose power over them. It is also important to understand this because sexual harassment has specific undesirable impacts that can eventually result to ineffi cient output in the workplace. Thus, workplace harassment is proven to have negative consequences in an individual and organisation (Bowling and Beehr, 2006; Raver and Nishii, 2010; Hershcovis and Barling, 2010 ). Thus, the human resource department must essentially address this issue in order to ensure efficient output of the human resource. The authors were consistent about their purpose of their paper and that is to outline their position on sexual harassment, how to avoid it in the workplace and the responsibilities of the employers to control this kind of situation. There were various sources employed in the paper and these include those with relevant discussion about the real definition of sexual harassment in the workplace. This makes the paper informative because it tries to inform the readers about the basic forms of sexual harassment in the workplace. Furthermore, more relevant literatures were included in order to justify their points on how to avoid sexual harassment in the workplace especially on the best part that employers can do to protect the human resource. It was also evident in the paper that the authors were able to critically consider various sexual harassment related incidents. From this stand point, it was evidently clear how the authors tried to emphasize the relevance and prevalence of sexual harassment in the workplace. The authors concluded that sexual harassment can represent abuse of power in the workplace. This basically is one of their strong stands on this issue. It is in fact true that through sexual harassment, everyone has the chance to dominate someone through imposition of power based on the definition given by the authors. Unfortunately, they failed to expand on this issue. Even though they are suggesting more important and relevant studies on this part, but they failed to expand or give detailed explanation on this aspect. They failed to provide available literature that could support this claim. Primarily, they have imp arted logical explanation and some relevant statistics about sexual harassment in the workplace but they failed to emphasise how many of them are eventually caused by abusive use of power over the abused or victims. For instance, they pointed out that women are said to be commonly sexually harassed in the workplace. However, there is no clear justification that this result is evident because women are primarily weak in physical strength than men for instance or the latter is more powerful than the former in the

A life in the day of Paul Harris Essay Example for Free

A life in the day of Paul Harris Essay I wake up 6:30 a. m. with my light going on and a very loud voice shouting, Get up Paul! Immediately or I will stop you from playing stupid games on your Playstation. (I find this one of my mothers most annoying habits. ) I eventually haul myself out of my bed and stagger to the bathroom, where I transform my self from Ape to human. Laura my adorable (if somewhat a pain), sister, is already dressed and downstairs feeding our cat Bobby. Dad is blocking the stairs putting his shoes on as he advances to work for another day in the bank. Mum is busy juggling the washing machine, the toaster, packed lunch and signing my planner. Just as I think it is safe to come down stairs, to have a tasty breakfast of Coco Pops, my mum would start practicing Opera, for her lesson on Friday lunch time. I dont particularly like Opera, I prefer Punk rock, my favourite band is Blink 182 and my favourite song is, All the small things. The trip to school is fun and exciting with lots of little alloy ways to get lost in. The ride on the train is an exciting but short journey from Hightown station towards Freshfeld station via Formby station. I walk to school from there with my best friend Jamie Hall, who has his hair up spiked and also likes Punk rock. We both share a big interest in computers and we are both going to build a computer individually. School is a mixture of excitement and work (education). This year I have taken a great interest in my education because it is the start of my G. C. S. Es. A time of hard work to get qualifications. I particularly have to work at English, but Im lucky because my English teacher is a good teacher, who teaches the class properly. I enjoy I. T because it is full of interesting facts about computers and when the teachers not looking, I start playing games like Sonic the Hedgehog. Maths is a good subject because I can do the work, at the moment. I sit next to Michael Roberts who can be good fun but gets moody sometimes (we all have faults and mine is that I rush things). At breaks I walk round the school mumbling about computers or games with Jamie. Sometimes I play a game called manhunt with a few of my other friends, like Ashlee Rowe. It is a physical game that involves chasing people and catching them. When it is time to leave school, I wait for my friend Allister in year ten, (we live next door to each other). We get the train together; Allister is more obsessed about computers than I am, but he adores games and I love all aspects of computers. When I get home, my homework comes first before any thing else, so I do it, have something to eat, before my horrible task of ironing my Army cadets uniform. I go to cadets with a friend from school called Danny; He can be a bit strange at times because he makes noises with his mouth. Cadets is enjoy full because I love the Army and the activities I do (Im not the best at shooting because Im short sighted). I think The Army will be my career as an officer or I might join the navy, as an engineering officer. For now I will think I will stay who I am. When dad gets home from a very stressful job, he is usually moody like a bear with a sore head, so I help him buy making him a brew of P. G Tips tea. At tea time I have to gulp my tea down so Im ready for cadets. My friend Chris Caralan picks me up for cadets he is 15 and has recently lost his lance corporal stripe for forgetting to go to annual camp. To night will be a brilliant night because I get to go in the best tank in the world, The Challenger 2. When we arrived at the Army camp it was there, the Challenger 2. A giant monster by its self, a khaki coloured snail with a thick layer of armour like a shell. It had two eyes both sides of the turret to give it character. When one of the officers turned on the engine it roared like a grizzly bear. We got a chance to gone in it and a guided tour. After a long exhausting day I finally get a chance to drop off at the land of nod.

Effects Of Globalization On Media Media Essay

Effects Of Globalization On Media Media Essay Globalization is a process by which various cultures, societies and economies through a global network of trade and communication become integrated in all respects. It basically marks the paradigm shift in economic thinking. During Hellenistic period commercialized urban centers were focused around the Greek culture which stretched from India to Spain. Trade was a very important aspect during that time and for the first time the thought of cosmopolitan culture emerged. The effects of globalization are diverse, affecting the various aspects of the world so as to bring changes for the better .Its effects not just influence the financial conditions of the country but also affects the industrial sector and the culture of the countries involved. Globalization widens the access to a range of foreign supplies for the consumption of a large number of consumers, owing to the market planning and policies adopted by different corporations. Media refers to the different means of communication like radio, television, internet etc. It plays a very important role in shaping human mind. Mass media is a section of the media determined to reach a greater audience. Most globalization theorists believe that media has played an important role in acceleration of globalization. With the increase in the importance of economic, cultural and technological integration between countries, it has a great impact on our societys personal lives. It is because of globalization that today there is an increased access to a broad range of media. (Impact of Globalization on Media) Globalization has a great influence on the media and further its impact on us. The most visible effect of globalization is wide spread communication. The introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV has immensely helped to spread information and has helped people to come together from all over the world. However this impact has its own disadvantages, its advantages are much more.. In my opinion the impact of globalization on media has its own advantages and disadvantages but however the advantages are much more than the disadvantages. As mentioned above one can see that the process of globalization has led to opening up of people mind towards not just the walls within which they stay but also be aware of whats happening around the world. Ever since mass media came into existence companies have used this as a means to communicate to let a large no. of people aware about their products. On the other hand even the people watching it or reading about it are in a position to gain maximum benefit as with the help of media they will be able to decipher between good or bad as per their requirements. With the years passing by and increasing globalization there is sophistication of advertising methods and advancement in the techniques adopted. Globalization in media, not just restricted to advertisement in other fields in fact in every field has opened up broader commun ication lines bringing the various companies, economy and more importantly the countries together. role of internet in the media globalization The internet has done a revolution to the impact of globalization in the media. The contribution of internet in the role of media has changed over the past few years and has increased distinctively. In the society the digital media is intensely transforming the consumer behavior and traditional media business models. On one hand it is creating new opportunities but its troublesome pressure is being accelerated by the global recession. Today with the ease of internet access a large number of people are consuming more media in entirely different ways and a lot of the time not paying for it. Internet is one of the easiest ways to associate oneself with the media in todays fast paced world. Moreover with the ease of accessibility of the internet even the younger generation has started adopting this to keep themselves aware of whats happening around them. Media also uses internet in their favor to publicize and distribute what they want to highlight. . Asia contributing to 56%of the popul ation of the world has 42% of the worlds internet users.[7] Be it at school or work or home everybody has an access to the internet these days. People especially students are heavily active on social networks like facebook and LinkedIn. In fact these social networks sometimes bring integrity and helps people stay connected. It acts as a platform to the society for better connectivity and hence being aware or updating themselves regarding what is happening around them. For instance in Asia almost 10% of the Asians are on facebook. The number of facebook users in Asia is 93,584,580 and the internet users in Asia is 828,930,856.[7] In political field internet serves as a medium to connect the media and the viewers. A lot of people are unable to go through the newspapers everyday because of either very busy schedule or ignorance or because of travelling. However most people in todays generation are connected with internet. Therefore people read about the elections about the various political issues through the internet. Even the media updates all its news at every instant on the internet and get a lot of responses from all its viewers which helps them get feedbacks to make amendments. The role of internet has a lot to contribute to the economical aspect or impact of the media. With the share market and the online trading and banking facilities people have started shifting from the conventional ways of doing things to this modern easier and hustle-free method. The term globalization in economics is about the different aspects of cross-border transactions, free international capital flows, portfolio investments, diverse and rapid blending of technology. The theory of globalization states that it enhances prosperity in terms of the economic development of the country and leads to proficient allocation of resources, which in return leads to more employment higher standards of living, more outputs and lower prices. The internet facility provided by the media channels help the users (viewers) to be able to update themselves from wherever they are. The news provided through the internet is mostly updated at every instance and is more precise and easier to find than other sources of the media. There are options of commenting on the news updates and the best part is that one can indulge themselves in a discussion and hence connect the social and economic aspects of the issues. Of the total of 4600 news and information sites the top 7 sites ,they collect about 80% of the online traffic.[9] The role of internet in the cultural and traditional aspect is quite prominent. Globalization has an immense effect on the cultures of the different countries. It has always had a very deep impact on the cultural identity. The free flow of information, speedy progress in the field of technology, transportation and communication has converted this world into a global village. The reductions in costs and better facilities and variety of choices have changed the tastes of individual and societies leading to a stronger integration. The use of internet through the media provides an inter mix and exchange of ideas and thoughts between countries. The media provide the news about not just within the country but also around the globe. Along with the general news about ones nation, media also highlights the cultural and traditional aspects of the country. With the help of globalization and internet being a source of it there is an exchange of these cultural and traditional aspects leading to a n amalgamation of culture. The extent of this amalgamation differs from country to country or place to place depending on the amount of exposure people have to the internet or the media. Falkland islands has the highest internet penetration rate of 100% as its population is equivalent to the number of internet users in the country which means that all the citizens of this country use internet.[Internet world stats] This cultural diffusion opens up the mindset of the people and lets them know the world in a much matured way. role of television in the media globalization The television acts as an eye opener to the viewers. The role of television in the media globalization has made a remarkable impact on the society. There are both sides to it negative as well as positive. However it is the positive effect of television which is way more than the negative and hence the impact is progressive on the society. In todays world almost every house has an access to television and over the years the accessibility has increased immensely. United Kingdom tops the list with an average television rate of 28 hours per person per week.[9] When the press media had not come into picture, people used to communicate by writing letters and sending them through direct mails .The beginning of press media came as an information revolution. This press media has become a source for promoting, projecting and supporting the process of providing information. It assists the journalists in networking and the globalization has led to revolution of news circulation, printing, editing and reportage. It is because of globalization that the spread and exchange of news becomes possible which leads to people of one country knowing not just about the news within their own country but aware about international news as well. Therefore globalization has led to the timely processing and distribution of information. (Jan, 2009) Therefore international print media can be read and understood on the domestic grounds. The role of the press media is diverse and it focuses on all the issues concerning out daily lives and well being. It plays role in e ducating the people on political parties, international happenings, entertainment glamorous celebrity gossip and sport events .After the press media there was the discovery of radio and television. This lead to a different kind of revolution as press media restricted one to just read but radio and television appealed to another sense as it had both visual and audio sense.A recent poll states that about 59% of Americas population obtain the world news on television out of which 37% is through cable and 22%through broadcast.[9] According to researcher George Gerbner the most popular television programs are no longer the ones made for the national consumption but are the ones made for international distribution. With further research he came to the conclusion that this was in order to increase the marketability of international television program distribution. (Media and Internet, 2009) A political economist and media historian named Robert Mc Chesney criticizes the multinational corporations for using the media as a platform to serve their own interests only. These companies create content and own the publishing companies and hence use them to distribute their own product. Another opinion which a lot of researchers have is regarding the impact of globalization on media with respect to local culture. They feel that the World Trade organization is threatening the local culture by encouraging foreign investment in local media. Firstly, the younger generations watch television regularly and there are points in the year when they watch it more than the average. This is because of the seasonal shows which they watch for a certain number of weeks and then may not watch for next couple of days after one season of the show is over. These programs on television depict the various cultures all around the world. The media through television can reach to the mass people. The television serves to a larger number of people than the internet at one time. In terms of political aspects the television has a lot to add to. The viewers can be made aware of the political issues sensitive topics concerning the nation. The television can provide its viewers with important facts and information concerning the democracy and the political system which can help us make better decisions. At the same time it gives us the overall picture of what is happening in the rest of the world. A lot can be understood and adopted through movies as well. Movies depict the various issues of the society and politics and it greatly influences the viewers and a lot of the time leaves them thinking about the social and political issues and acts as an eye-opener. The economical aspect is highlighted by the television through advertisements and the news channels giving updates on the share market, brokers and stocks. The advertisement in a way makes us consumers and helps to make us aware of all the suitable options available for us in the market. This is not just restricted to advertisements of clothing or grocery but at the same time about pension plans and banks. In fact with television one neednt always go to the stock markets or keep waiting for the newspaper for the stock conditions but can keep oneself updated with the television news channels. The Cultural and traditional issues are focused by the television through movies, serials , reality shows and advertisements. role of radio in the media globalization Radio is one of the easiest and cheapest media source. It is easily available in most part of the country. The biggest advantage of the radio as a means of media globalization is that it can be understood by even an illiterate person and can cater to a larger number of people. Moreover it has a greater impact on the rural as they are able to connect to the radio easily. Therefore the importance of radio in the society is indispensable. Television and radio catered to illiterate people as well. Moreover the advertising industry has used this as a medium to expose global products daily to the audience. The radio was one of the oldest means of spreading information amongst the people. Be it a cricket match or songs or elections peoples ears used to be stuck to the radio to keep themselves aware of things around them. Most people in todays generation are not regular listeners to the radio unless they listen to it for music on their way to work. The use of radio amongst them is now restricted only to music and that has also reduced remarkably because of technological advancements like I pods and music phones. In the political and economic aspects the role of radio is slow and steady. However in the rural areas it has a great impact. The rural people are greatly influenced by the news and information shared by the media through radio. In fact this helps them to understand the political system and the advertisements make them aware about the various products. Radio also highlights the social issues and helps eradicate and revolt against those issues in the best possible way. Radio in todays world is a platform for advertisement. In fact it generates a lot of income and adds to the economy of the media. It provides the listeners with enumerable options available in the market but at the same time highlights the ill issues of the societies and methods to eradicate them. Radio also provides a platform for the cultural and traditional exchange. For example, the radio channels provide music of different parts of the world and hence this leads to one nation understanding the music of the other. Music reflects the culture and the tradition of the area to a large extent. conclusion Globalization reflects our identity and connects us to the rest of the world. The science and technology makes the world globalized and in turn reflects the theory of convergence and promotes cultural identity. Globalization is a very debatable topic as with a lot of positive aspects there are quite a lot of limitations or negative impact of globalization on the countries. Where it has benefited a lot of countries on one hand, on the other it has also generated significant international oppositions over all the issues that has increased inequality and environmental degradation The limitations are as follows: Economic liberalization Effect on income disparity Effect on disease(health) Effect on the environmental degradation Globalization is definitely bringing the world together in order to create one global world but however one must understand its limitations and make the best use for the betterment of the nation and oneself by adopting the best of every nations culture. Media has always played a very important role in our society and for a long time it remained one of the methods of controlling people and their recreational time. (The Role of Media in the Society) The media hence provides different types of information in different ways in the form of newspaper, internet, television, magazine, radio etc. In fact its a very essential and simplified way to inform or simply to entertain the audience. As the process of globalization becomes more prominent the role of media and advertisement and consumerism also increases considerably. Therefore globalization is not just integrating trade, investment and financial markets but also integrating the consumer markets. At the same time the consumer receives an overflow of information through commercial advertising. However with the years progressing the methods and techniques of advertising have become sophisticated creating a better and much aware world and hence turning luxuries into necessities. (Shah, 2006) Just by sitting at home one can get the entire news of the world by any medium like radio, tv or internet, this is possible only because of globalization. Globalization in media has also made us aware about the economical and political conditions of a particular country but also provides us with entertainment of all sorts. Globalization in the media has definitely got some negative aspects to it but however the advantages are way more and therefore there is a remarkable progress in development in all economic, social, political, cultural and traditional aspects

Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916

Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916 Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916 William Butler Yeats, in his essay, ‘The Symbolism of Poetry’ wrote â€Å"All sounds, all colours, all forms, either because of their preordained energies or because of long association, evoke indefinable and yet precise emotions, or, as I prefer to think, call down among us certain disembodied powers.† W.B.Yeats wrote many of his works by the use of rich symbolism through either color, forms or sounds. One of Yeats’ major work, ‘Easter 1916’ also uses the references to certain symbols and brings forth associations with significant events in the history of Ireland. It is a poem which evokes one to remember the incidences of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916 in Dublin through the means of rich symbolism. The poem ‘Easter 1916’ holds true to Yeats’ quote found in his essay ‘Symbolism of Poetry’ that certain colors and forms evokes precise emotions through either their long associations or their preordaine d energies. The symbol of ‘terrible beauty’, ‘the stone’, and the color ‘green’ through preordained energies and long associations respectively, evokes certain emotions related to the historical context of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916. Yeats mentions the phrase ‘a terrible beauty is born’ three times in the poem. What actually is this ‘terrible beauty’? Yeats actually is referring to the ‘Easter Uprising’ that happened in Dublin in 1916. It is history and as history is thought to be preordained, so does this association become preordained. These lines remind of the brutal execution of the leaders of Irish Republican Brotherhood (the ones who rebelled against the British for independence) and so evokes emotions of sadness, which is terrible, but also of pride and patriotism which is beautiful. In the first stanza, lines 15-16, Yeats mentions that all things are changed and even though people seem unchanged, the truth is that lives were changed after a terrible history that was born in Ireland. Again in line 39, he mentions of the terrible beauty. He talks about Countess Markieviez (lines 17-23), who Yeats describes as a woman ‘in ignorant goodwill’ and ‘her n ights in argument’ (lines 18-19). This can also mean that she represents rebellion because of the word ‘argument’. It signifies and evokes emotions of the Irish rebellion towards England for independence. ‘Ignorant goodwill’ may apply to being ignorant of the goodness of everyday life and thus choose to be more aggressive to come out independent. Yeats also talk of Patrick Pearse(lines 24-30) who could have won fame but could not as he was executed in the end. Pearse is portrayed as having a ‘sensitive nature’ (line 29). Yeats may as well be implying that ordinary people can bring about changes in the society. John MacBride is also mentioned in lines 31-38. MacBride was not one of the favorites of Yeats as he seemed to have done wrong to those near Yeats’ heart (lines 33-34), but he still regards MacBride as a hero for he fought for the good of Ireland. These people were the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who did their part and gave birth to a ‘terrible beauty’, that is, freedom to Ireland. Yeats argued that symbols whether color, forms or sounds evokes emotions due to their preordained energies. It is true in case of the association of the ‘terrible beauty’ in ‘Easter 1916’ because it evokes emotions of pride, sadness and patriotism (as discussed above) as it is associated with the history of Ireland. Furthermore, in lines 75-80, Yeats mentions MacDonagh, MacBride, Connolly and Pearse, who were responsible for Ireland becoming a free state, which also evokes emotions of patriotism and respect for those dead. The historical context of ‘Easter Uprising’ helps understand the symbolism better as the symbol of ‘terrible beauty’ has its ground on the events that are related to history. The ‘stone’ mentioned in lines 43, 56 and 58 has its echoes from long associations. A stone is often times associated with immovability, rigidity and unchanging nature. Here in the poem as well, the ‘stone’ is at first portrayed as ‘a trouble to the living stream’ (line 43). The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, may be associated with the stone here. As rigid and unchanging the stone is, the deceased of the ‘Easter Uprising’ also remain unchanged, in their pursuit to gain freedom and thereafter because they are dead, they will remain unchanged for all times to come. Yeats gives many examples of changing phenomenon such as the shadows of the clouds which changes every minute, the horse, the birds, the winter and the summer, which is bound to be changed each time. Then he talks of the ‘stone in the midst of all’ (line 56) which is amongst changes but still remains the same itself however. In line 58, the ‘stone’, however is associated with a heart. This may be because too much of wars and dark history, (the uprising which led to the execution of many Irish) makes the human heart cold and emotionless like that of a stone. These images of the stone evoke emotions of stillness in one. That is it makes one realize that everything is bound to change, that change is inevitable and yet there are some things that can never be changed like the stone. The historical context of the Irish freedom makes it easier to understand this because then it shows that the things and events done in the history cannot be changed. No matter how ev erything may change minute by minute, no one can re-write history. The color ‘green’ in Yeats poem symbolizes Ireland through long association. Green is mentioned in the last stanza where Yeats talk about those who were killed during the event of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916. And Yeats mentions that ‘whenever green is worn’ (line 78), the things that has been changed will be remembered, the heroes will be remembered and thus the ‘terrible beauty born’ will be cherished. After the heroes were executed, ‘green’ has been associated with the representation of the nation of Ireland. So whenever green be worn, it would symbolize Ireland’s victory over the British in the fight for independence. Green as such is normally related to nature but the historical context of the poem helps in gaining a full understanding of its association with the names of the dead people mentioned in the last stanza. This evokes the feeling of patriotism because it reminds that now ‘green’ is t he color of Ireland where ‘motley was worn’ (line 14), and that liberty was now endowed to those living by those who sacrificed themselves in the quest of freedom. Through all the above paragraphs, it can be justified that Yeats stands true to his quote which he gave in his essay ‘Symbolism of Poetry’. The images, sounds and associations such as the ‘terrible beauty’, the ‘stone’ and the color ‘green’ all have either preordained energies or long associations which evokes emotions that are precise. ‘Easter 1916’, through its strong echoes of the historical period of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916, manages to justify Yeats’ proposition of images being able to evoke emotions of certain precision and magnitude as discussed above. References Yeats, W.B. (1916). Easter, 1916. Retrieved from http://www.online –literature.com/yeats/779/ 1

Emotion and Intellect in the Works from Terezin Essays -- Holocaust Li

Emotion and Intellect in the Works from Terezin In the quote opening Art Speigelman’s Maus: A Survivor s Tale. I: My Father Bleeds History, Adolf Hitler expresses his urge to rob the Jewish people of their humanity: The Jews are undoubtedly a race, but they are not human (9D). Hitler’s quote begs for a response What makes one human? Many scholars and scient ist would argue that it is t he ability to think and reason t hat defines the human species. I would argue that it is a combination of the ability to reason with the ability to feel. In Elie Wiesel s Night, it is his passionate anger at his spirituality alongside his intellectual struggle with that spirituality that screams out his humanity: What are You, my God, I thought angrily, compared to this afflicted crowd proclaiming to You their faith [. . .] (63). In the range of Holocaust literature, there is a range of emotion mixed with intellect, and this combination creates a picture of human beauty. One can witness this range in Wiesel s anger and disillusionment (62, 63) and in Speigelman s father s love and frugality (157). It is the ability to think about and feel something towards one s situation that makes one human. In the painting Sailboat (56-57) and the poem Birdsong (80-81) fro m the collection I Never Saw Another Butt erfly: Children s Drawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944, one can see how a range o f emotions combined with reason creat e an undeniable portrait of humanity. In Sailboat an anonymous child artist expresses both emotion and intellect through color choice and subject matter (56-57). The artist portrays night as a black abyss followed by a teal-gray sky dotted w... ...r Saw Another Butt erfly: Children s Drawings and Po ems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. Ed. Hana Volavkova. 2nd ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1978. 56-57. Spiegelman, Art. Maus: A Survivor s Tale, I. My Father Bleeds History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. Stargar, Nicholas. Children s Art of the Holocaust. Past & Present. Nov. 1998. Electronic. Expanded Academic Index ASAP. 10 February 2001. Weil, Jiri. Epilogue. I Never Saw Anot her Butterfly: Children s Drawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. Ed. Hana Volavkova. 2nd ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1978. 101-104. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Bantam Books, 1982. Weissova, Helga. Lights Out. I Never Saw Another Butt erfly: Children s Drawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. Ed. Hana Volavkova. 2nd ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1978. 22, 24.

Dissociative Identity Disorder :: essays research papers

My topic of choice for this research paper is Dissociative Identity Disorder or DID. This appellation is rather new; therefore, most are more familiar with the disorder's older, less technical name: Multiple Personality Disorder or MPD. When first presented with the task of selecting a topic on which to center this paper, I immediately dismissed Dissociative Identity Disorder (which for the sake of brevity will be referred to as DID for the remainder of this paper) as a viable topic due to the sheer scope of the disorder. However after an exhaustive examination of other prospective topics, I found myself back at my original choice. There are several reasons why I chose DID. The foremost of which is the widespread fascination of this disorder by many different types of people; most of whom otherwise have no interest in psychology or its associated fields. One would be hard pressed to find someone who hasn’t been captivated at one time or another by the extraordinary, all too w ell known symptoms of this disorder. This fascination†¦ dare I say ‘allure’ to this disorder is exemplified by the myriad of motion pictures that have been produced based on cases, real or fictitious, of DID. Another reason for my choice is what I feel is the insufficiency of effective treatments for DID. Despite what is known about this disorder, (which is relatively a lot) there are only two chief treatments for DID; the first and most prevalent is psychotherapy; also known as †talk therapy†, the second is medication. The third and final reason for my choice is my own enchantment with DID. I must admit that ever since I read about Sue Tinker, a woman who was diagnosed with over 200 different personalities. In writing this paper I hope to discover more about this disorder and perhaps be able to identify a few areas that I feel might require more research on the part of psychologists specializing in DID. What is Dissociative Identity Disorder? A proper explanation of DID necessitates a dissection of the name itself. Dissociation is â€Å"a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity.†1 In other words, there is a disruption in the way in which these usually integrated functions communicate. Daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or â€Å"getting lost† in a book or movie are all examples of very mild dissociation. Dissociative Identity Disorder :: essays research papers My topic of choice for this research paper is Dissociative Identity Disorder or DID. This appellation is rather new; therefore, most are more familiar with the disorder's older, less technical name: Multiple Personality Disorder or MPD. When first presented with the task of selecting a topic on which to center this paper, I immediately dismissed Dissociative Identity Disorder (which for the sake of brevity will be referred to as DID for the remainder of this paper) as a viable topic due to the sheer scope of the disorder. However after an exhaustive examination of other prospective topics, I found myself back at my original choice. There are several reasons why I chose DID. The foremost of which is the widespread fascination of this disorder by many different types of people; most of whom otherwise have no interest in psychology or its associated fields. One would be hard pressed to find someone who hasn’t been captivated at one time or another by the extraordinary, all too w ell known symptoms of this disorder. This fascination†¦ dare I say ‘allure’ to this disorder is exemplified by the myriad of motion pictures that have been produced based on cases, real or fictitious, of DID. Another reason for my choice is what I feel is the insufficiency of effective treatments for DID. Despite what is known about this disorder, (which is relatively a lot) there are only two chief treatments for DID; the first and most prevalent is psychotherapy; also known as †talk therapy†, the second is medication. The third and final reason for my choice is my own enchantment with DID. I must admit that ever since I read about Sue Tinker, a woman who was diagnosed with over 200 different personalities. In writing this paper I hope to discover more about this disorder and perhaps be able to identify a few areas that I feel might require more research on the part of psychologists specializing in DID. What is Dissociative Identity Disorder? A proper explanation of DID necessitates a dissection of the name itself. Dissociation is â€Å"a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity.†1 In other words, there is a disruption in the way in which these usually integrated functions communicate. Daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or â€Å"getting lost† in a book or movie are all examples of very mild dissociation.

Everything about architecture Essay

Everything about architecture is interesting, so is our class in Arch103. I have always been interested to learn new things about this subject and our class discussions have provided me valuable insights in many ways. However, I could have learned more if there was a healthy relationship between the teacher and the students. In classrooms, students usually encounter situations that encourage or impede participation and learning. One factor is the harmonious liaison of a teacher to the students. This healthy connection usually comes in when the teacher shows fair treatment among the students. It is the right of the students to be treated equally in all aspects: classroom discussions, projects and assignments, and grades. Fair treatment builds the students’ trust and confidence for their teacher. In our Arch103 class, the teacher fails to show equal treatment to his students. This is especially true in the way he gives grades. In the submission of projects, those who submitted late sometimes get higher grades than those who did it before the deadline. Deadlines, as we all know, are vitally important in assigned works. The teacher should have at least explained to us why this has happened. With the conflicting opinions of the teacher and the teacher’s assistant, we find it hard to understand and learn what they teach. Teachers are authoritative transmitters of knowledge (Brody & Wallace, 1994, p. 5). It is therefore important that they coherently explain the topics so the students can get most of the ideas. Contradicting explanations only cause students to be more confused and having nothing understood. Overall, the class was challenging and exciting despite some of the above-mentioned lapses. Evaluation 2 Brody, C. M. & Wallace, J. (1994). Ethical and Social Issues in Professional Education. New York: State University of New York Press

History of Indian Pharma Industry

CHAPTER 1 entryway History of Indian dose com tear a kick d give birthstairsionship constancy The pharmaceutic intentnessinIndiais the military personnels third- tremendousst in equipment casualty of rule book and stands 14th in term of harbor. According to schemee section of pharmaceutics,Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, the complete turn everyplace of Indias pharmaceutics exertion amid dickens hundred8 and phratry 2009 wasUS$21. 04 billion. While the municipal m artifice was worth US$ 12. 26 billion. gross sales level offt of lonesome(prenominal) types of medicines in the untaught is pass judgment to reach aroundUS$19. 22 billion by 2012. Exports of pharmaceutics out stupefys from India increased from US$6. 3 billion in 2006-07 to US$8. 7 billion in 2008-09 a mixd annual ripening swan of 21. 25%. According to wrongwaterhouseCoopers(PWC) in 2010, India coupled among the league of cash in ones chips 10 initiationly concern(prenominal) pharma ceutics trades in terms of sales by 2020 with treasure reaching US$50 billion. Some of the major(ip) pharmaceutical firms including sunniness pharmaceutical lodgeceutical,Cadila HealthcargonandPiramal Healthc argon. Theg everyplacenmentstarted to encourage the evolution of medicate manufacturing by Indian companies in the early 1960s, and with the Patents characterization in 1970. However, economic liberalization in 90s by the precedent Prime MinisterP.V. Narasimha Raoand the and then payMinister,Dr. Man Mohan Singhenabled the application to bring forth what it is today. This indubitable act removed composition palpablesfrom food for thought and medicates, and though it kept physical parade patents, these were shortened to a period of five to 7er-spot twelvemonths. The lack of patent protection do the Indian trade undesirable to the inter shoot companies that had dominate the securities industry, and disclose they streamed out. Indian companies fo rm a niche in both the Indian and mankind trades with their expertise in reverse-engineering youthful actes for manufacturing drugs at low cost.Although nearly of the enceinteger companies bring forth taken pander steps towards drug change, the industry as a whole has been following this tune organization personate until the present. Indiasbiopharmaceuticalindustry clocked a 17 percent harvest-tide with tax in fill ins of Rs. 137 billion ($3 billion) in the 2009-10 financial var. everywhere the previous fiscal. Bio-drug lodge was the biggest contri scarcelyor generating 60 percent of the industrys growth at Rs. 8, 829 crore, followed by bio- serve up at Rs. 2, 639 crore and bio-Agri at Rs. 1, 936 crore. The piece of purely Indian drug company companies is fairly low.Indian pharmaceutical company industry is mainly operated as s hale as controlled by dominant a massive companies having subsidiaries in India due to availability of cheap advertize in India at lowest cost. In 2002, over 20,000 registered drug patch uprs in India sell $9 billion worth of sayings and pouch drugs. 85% of these formulations were sold in India date over 60% of the start drugs were exportinged, gener in altogethery to the United States and Russia. Most of the players in the commercialize ar sm every(prenominal)-to-medium enterprises 250 of the sizablest companies control 70% of the Indian foodstuff.Thanks to the 1970 Patent impress, transnationals represent only 35% of the merchandiseplaceplace, d consume from 70% thirty geezerhood ago. Most pharma companies operating in India, even the multinationals, employ Indians around only from the lowest ranks to broad(prenominal) level management. Mirroring the amicable structure, firms be very hierarchical. Home cock-a-hoop pharmaceuticals, akin many a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) separate taskes in India, ar oft a shuffle of man and private enterprise. Although many of these companies ar ordinaryly owned, attr proceedingshiphip passes from father to son and the foundation garment family holds a majority handle.In terms of the worldwide food market, India on tone endingly holds a modest 1-2% sh atomic number 18, solely it has been growing at approximately 10% per year. India gained its foothold on the world-wide paroxysm with its forward- run intoingly engineered generic drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and it is instanter look toing to snuff it a major player in outsourced clinical investigate as well(p) as use up manufacturing and look for. There are 74 U. S. FDA- clear manufacturing facilities in India, to a great extent than in any fresh(prenominal)wise country outside the U. S, and in 005, al about 20% of wholly Abbreviated smart Drug Applications (ANDA) to the FDA are expected to be filed by Indian companies. Growths in early(a) world of forces nonwithstanding, generics are still a large con k out of the picture. Lon wear look fraternity Global Insight estimates that Indias share of the worldwide generics market pull up stakes beat risen from 4% to 33%. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has become the third largest producer in the world and is poised to grow into an industry of $ 20 billion in 2015 from the modern disorder of $ 12 billion. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a victor story. 00 000 passel are employed in this welkin, in nigh 12 000 firms. 2 900 of them are large scale social units, following a recent article by Pradeep Aggrawal and P. Saibaba in the re without delayned Economic and Political Weekly of Mumbai (29 family 2001). In the pre- and post- achieveance sector, a shape up 2. 5 zillion jobs are thought to be involved. Compared to the general price index, drug prices ask risen a good deal slight in the last 15 years and speak far below average. Worldwide, India is acountry of very low drug prices epoch producing advanced tone of voice medicines, Nihchal H.Israni, president of the Indian Drug Manufacturers Association (IDMA), disk operating systems proudly. Self-sufficiency with believe to pharmaceutics pass ons 90 percent in spite of the insurance policy of a to a greater extent than centripetal economy pursued by India since 1991. The secret of this supremacy is the Indian Patents subroutine 1970. India had entered independence with the patent system of the Britishcolonial masters, enacted in 1911. This rock-steadyd the Indian market for the British industry. Prior to 1970, multinationalcompanies dominated the Indian market with a share of 85%, pharmaceutics were largely merchandise whereas local anesthetic harvestingion remained minimal.Section 83 of the Patents Act 1970 states that patents are given to encourage inventions and to secure that the inventions are take a leaked in India on acommercial scale and to the fullest extent and non to enable patentees to enjoy a monopoly for the importing. At the turn of the century, the share of multinationals had declined to a share of 40 percent of Indias market, including a substantial share of local processing by multinationals. 45 of the larger scale proceedsion units be persistent to multinationalcompanies. The architect of the patent integrity of 1970, S.Vedaraman, then theater forecastor of the Indian Patent Office, summarizes the olfactory modality of the law as follows We are non against patents. And we are get upd to pay squeamish license fees. un little we in India endurenot render monopolies. Since then, India has done without ware patents for pharmaceutics, with the exception of fruition processes that may be patented for seven years. In chip inition, the law every last(predicate)owed forcompulsory licenses granted by the state, in the case of a patent holder not granting wilful licenses on fairconditions. India profited from a large section of well-qualified experts who do proper us e of the raw(a) opportunities.These moves did not cod much favor with the multinational Pharma-industry. It should not be forgotten, though, that in many industrialcountries, the protection of inventions done patents was only veritable in the last 30 years. The Swiss pharmaceutical industry in expressage fought the enactment of a patent law at the end of the 19th century, in order to be able to observe foreign drugs, such as Aspirin. In the German Reichstag (Parliament) Switzerland wasconsidered a state of freebooter barons, in France a country of counterfeiters. harvest-feast patents for aesculapian examination examination drugs concord only been k presentlyn in Switzerland since 1978. It is very clear whose interest they serve. engineering science exporters profit from patent protection, which shields them from low-costcompetition. engineering importers in other words, intimately of the growthcountries want gravel to technical innovations as freely and cheaply a s doable, i. e. no patent protection which guides monopo heelic barriers. in that respectfore it was in this way that the economic increase of Japan, Korea and Taiwan was able to thrive, due to the near absence of patents.The Cipla philosophy has for decades been to promote the rule of relying on ones own strength. For India, this agency striving for a high head of self-sufficiency in racy airfields of health and nutrition, and for our craft practice, it direction aiming for the fulfilment of the inevitably of the Indian existence, the use of endemical raw temporals and of local personnel, says Cipla managing director Y. K. Hamied. This philosophy,combined with technical expertise, essential spend a penny been the reason that the IndianCouncil for Medical enquiry suggested to Cipla in 1990 that the aid drug zidovudine be produced locally.Due to the state investment its circumscribed room in prevention, the market remained small. In India, approximately US$ 2 m illion is turned over yearly for AIDS drugs. Of this, Cipla has a share of about 80 percent. This is only a small part of Ciplas total turnover of to a greater extent than than US$ 210 million. Indian Pharma industry is very interested in the export of its pharmaceutics. Developingcountries are an mention market for Indian industriousnessrs because they produce high attri exclusivelye crops at very free-enterprise(a) prices. wind free trade is hampered by national and world(prenominal) patent rules.For a patent does not only constitute the furbish up right to produce a intersection but as well as to import it. despite these barriers, Indias drug exports exceeded in the year 2000 for the outgrowth fourth dimension US$ 1. 5 billion. The success story of the pharmaceutical sector is part of a wider but less known economic miracle India get hold ofd average judge of economic growth for the last 20 years of six percent annually. major(ip) Pharmaceutical Companies in Indi a In the list of glide by pharmaceutical companies in India it is not the Indian companies but in standardised manner the MNCs that are becoming the part of the race.Indian pharmaceutical market in 2008 was $7,743m and if compared to year 2007 it was 4% more(prenominal)(prenominal) than that. It is expected that Indian pharmaceutical market cater grow more than the ball-shaped pharmaceutical market and lead become $15,490 million in 2014. Today Indian pharmaceutical industry is the second most hurrying growing industry displaying the revenue of Rs 25,196. 48 crore and growth of 27. 32 percent. flush pharmaceutical companies in India are also acquiring the small companies worldwide to but enlarge the market. Injections, tablets, capsule syrups are the crossings of Pharma companies in India.Looking back into history reveals that it was in 1930 when the knackoff pharmaceutical fierceowship in India came into existence in Kolkata. It is called the Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical whole kit and caboodle. This Indian come with is still there and today it is the part of five drug manufacturing companies that are owned by the government. savings bank the period of 60 years the pharmaceutical industry in India was overshadowed by the foreign drug manufacturing companies but with the Patent Act in 1970, the whole scenario of pharmaceutical companies in India had changed since then.With this the Indian market was more open to Indian pharmaceutical companies than the MNCs. So with this pharmaceutical companies in India started to grow in enactment At present there is a cut throat competition among top pharmaceutical companies in India with the native as well as MNCs. scarce there are certain issues that are concerning the growth of Pharma companies in India. These are ? manselective informationry licensing and failure of reinvigorated pattern system. ? number one-string power cuts and inadequate infrastructure. ? Re exacted financing. ? reg ulative hindrances that lead to the delays in the immerse of crude drug or Pharma harvest. in equivalent manner many small as well as big pharmaceutical companies and profligate competition. Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in India Rank participation Name overturn Amount Remarks 1. Ranbaxy 4198. 96 2. Dr. Reddy Lab. 4162. 25 3. Cipla 3763. 72 4. Sun Pharma 2463. 9 5. lupin labs 2215. 52 6. Aurobindo Pharma 2080. 19 7. Galxo Smithkline 1773. 41 8. Cadila Health dread 1613. 00 9. Aventis 983. 80 10. IPCA Laboratories 980. 84 participation PROFILE salmagundi is a world(prenominal) pharmaceutical company operating since 1969 from Mumbai, India. Since delegate, the company consolidated its position with a bear nap(prenominal) trade infrastructure. In the year 1976, a formulation brand up with young speediness was set up at Aurangabad followed by a couple of units placed at Daman and Jammu. mixed bag has state of the art facilities maintaining high fibre standards at every advance stage in manufacturing process with unmitigated adherence to the Good Manufacturing Practices. salmagundi Pharmaceuticals Limited is a multi constituental and multi location organization with starchy heraldic bearing in Pharmaceutical formulations. The specialties include Hematinics, anti ulcerants, anti bacterial, Pain management, Gynecology & cardiovascular drugs. We specialize in Iron preparations, our mega grade being R. B. measure syrup. We also fuddle many 1st snip in India differentiates to our credit like Dompan (Domperidone & Pantoprazole), O2 (Ornidazole & Ofloxacin), Tazocef (Tazobactum & ceftriaxone) & Osmium K2 (1st brand of Vitamin K27 combination in India) variation ranks amongst the top 40 pharmaceutical companies in India as per ORG IMS. motley believes that quality is a continuous process and not an isolated stage in the process. They slang an broad dispersal lucre across the country with 5 Depots, 17 C/Fs & over cl0 Stockiest which caters to the retailers. investigate & growing The in build quality of products is assured finished scientific way of product growth at R&D scale, slay of engine room from lab scale to bunch production, analytic rhythmicity inducement, stability studies and process validation.Our current thrust is towards education of mod dose forms in the scopes of tablets, syrups, aerosols & other types of herbal formulations found in India. We believe that only done integrity one plunder provide the best medicine to longanimouss whose well being is valued the most as per the company stead. smorgasbord has set up state of the art R&D centers at Daman and Mumbai equipped with the la try out ultra modern instruments. These R&D centers do super getd aggroup of scientists having post alumnus & doctorate degrees in the field of apothecarys shop & chemistry.The R&D centre set up at Daman has received cheering of Department of Science and Technology, Govt . of India in 2006. WORLDWIDE operations pic pastiche has set its eyes on becoming a truly global pharmaceutical company over the neighboring decade. Medleys products reach 26 countries with signifi derrieret charge in Asia, Africa, Middle East, Russia and CIS Medley delineate to enhance its internationalistic figurehead found on its policy of Integrity in Medicines and quality of products. Medley already has be sick-up the office in UK and tied up with partner in USA and SA.Medley is precipitously head for the hillsing on finalizing its line of merchandise tie-ups in Brazil. Medley has dynamic police squad and phonation office in Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Russia and Kazakhstan. The dynamic field force promotes its specialty formulations. Around 514 formulations are registered in 26 countries. Today International billet contributes 12% of Medley sales, but expected to grow substantially in the next troika years. We have three manufacturing faciliti es, two at Daman and one at Jammu which strictly follows WHO GMP guidelines.All our manufacturing facilities are the state of art manufacturing units for spontaneous and runny section. The Daman Facility is MHRA-UK clear. angiotensin converting enzyme of our facilities at DAMAN is certified for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) conforming to INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS by Competent restrictive Authorities in Uganda, Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, and Yemen. Medley is now preparing for the South Africa. This initiative of Medley would tending strive for the growth and to serve the world community. COLLABORATION Collaboration is happen upon to Our utility-Collaboration, cooperation and confederacy are the tombstones to our success. We are attached to taping with our corporate partners tooffer our seek, development, regulative, manufacturing, selling and sales expertise. Identifying good partners and managing semipermanent relationships is part of our company philosop hy. Contract Manufacturing Why Medley for Contract Manufacturing? Medley extrapolates the outsourcing requirements of its customers and transforms their sine qua nons into solutions. The pharmaceutical industry today is acing challenging line purlieu due to escalating R and manufacturing costs as well as delays in bringing saucy drugs to market. Other identify factors impacting the industry include Ever change magnitude demands to deliver lower cost of goods & correct customer supply performance great product complexity Ongoing restrictive compliance demands By using our suffer manufacturing service you brook access Medleys umbrella technology portfolio for pharmaceuticals and the competence we have built up over decades.Knowledge, modern technology and creativity combined with clear and exonerated communication procedures amid our teams of experts and customers & above all consistency, world class quality & actors line ahead of time are the key factors for achie ving optimum solutions that will surely exceed your expectations. Complete confidentiality and protection of client ingenious property is the heart of the Medley culture. In-Licensing We look at partnering and collaborating as an important strategicalal onrush that will complement our growth in India and international markets.We believe in brand building & are leading in several(a) healing(p) segments with 3 brands featuring in top ccc (IMS-Health). Our drawn-out distribution lucre with more than 1500 stockists, 6 depots & 16 C&Fs backed by 40 years of market experience & strong field force of over 1500 representatives enables us to achieve the leadershiphip position in unlike healthful segments. We use collective experiences and resources that have been proven to work at the highest levels of capability to serve well brands better succeed.Our core realms of merchandising expertise include the gastroenterology, cardiovascular, dialectology, gynecology & orthopedic th erapy areas. We seek to establish a long term, mutually rewarding relationship base on exclusive marketing rights business model, as well as co-marketing or strategic alliances for co-development including clinical trials of products for necessary restrictive favorable receptions. Out-Licensing Our formulation development expertise enables us to develop generic products which are bioequivalent. We seek out-licensing opportunities for our generic formulations for global markets.Our Global service Formulation development Contract manufacturing of generic formulations for European market Analytical method development and validation Extensive QC capabilities (Micro, Chemical, ICH Stability) promotional material and shipping Company vision pic MILESTONES 1. offshoot manufacturing operation inAurangabad in 1976 for tablets,capsules and liquid orals. 2. Second unit dinner dress in1992 at Damanfor liquid orals. 3. Third unit atDaman established in 1998for tablets and capsules w hich was later consecrated to Cephalosporin formulations. 4.Fourth unit established atDaman in 2000for large volume liquid orals. 5. Fifth unit established atDaman in 2002for tablets and capsules complying with international regulatory requirements. 6. Medley was accredited asISO 90012000companies during the year 2003, byAmeri smoke Quality appreciateors (AQA). 7. Largest defect R. B. Toneis subject 2 in haematinic segment as per ORG-IMS. perk up O2 set uped in 2005is get along 1 in the anti diarrhoeic segment as per ORG-IMS. 8. A large manufacturing complex inJammu in 2005spread over12. 5 acresof land. 9. State of the artR&D centres established at Damanwhich has eceived approval of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India in2006. 10. Medley received the well deserved accoladeWHO GMP Certificate. INFRASTRUCTURE Daman Plant- The plant is find on plan no(prenominal) 18 & 19, Zari causeway road, Kachigam, Daman. This adroitness is located about 5 km outside fr om Vapi railway station & about 179 km from Mumbai. The plot size is 7602 sq. mtrs, and the construction area is 7335 sq. mtrs. It has dedicated and segregated areas meeting current CGMP requirements for manufacturing of oral dosage forms Tablets, Capsules & Liquid orals.Adequate areas for reposition of Raw materials, Packing materials & finished products has been provided. The manufacturing faculty per annum in single shift is 5 ascorbic acid lac Tablets & capsules and 46 lac litres of liquid orals. The facility is WHO GMP and Schedule M GMP certified by the Indian FDA. The facility is also approved by home(a) Drug Authority of Uganda, MOH Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi and Yemen. The Facility is MHRA-UK approved and scheduled for other highly regulate agencies MCC-SA and WHO-Geneva. Jammu Plant- The plant is located at Lane-3, Phase I, SIDCO complex, Bari Brahman, Jammu.This facility is about 20 Kms away from the Jammu Airport. The plot size is 53115 sq. mebibyte and total construc tion area is 15981 sq. meter. It has dedicated and segregated areas meeting current CGMP requirements for manufacturing of oral dosage forms Tablets, Capsules & Liquid orals. Adequate areas for terminal of Raw materials, Packing materials & finished products has been provided. The manufacturing expertness per annum in single shift is 8040 lac Tablets and capsules and 31. 80 lac liters of liquid orals. COMPANY PRODUCTS SUPRAKARESuprakare is the second biggest stratum of Medley catering mainly to orthopedic & Gastroenterology segments. It is also the fastest growing family of Medley & has one of the most innovative and first time launches in the Indian Pharmaceutical trade like DOMPAN (Domperidone add-on pantoprazole), Ostium K2 (1st brand of Vitamin K27 combination in India), Tazocef (Tazobactam overconfident Ceftriaxone), Acenac-N (Aceclofenac plus Pregabalin) to name a few. Today, all of them feature amongst the top 5 brands in their respective segments. Product table anal getic & analgetic & Muscle Relaxant Anti-Osteoporotic Antibiotics digestive enzymes Anti-inflammatory Antipyretic Acenac-P Nimsaid-P Colchico 4/8 Mg Ostium K2 Cefo L 50/ vitamin C/200 Xymex Syrup Acenac-SR Nimsaid-P one hundred twenty-five/250 Acenac-MR/Mr8 Ostium K2 Forte Cefo L Rediuse Xymex MPS Tablets gap Acenac-N Cefo LX 100 Xymex Drops Eezflam Cefo LX 200 Eezflam forte Tazocef 1. 125 NUTRAKARENUTRAKARE, A division of Medley Pharmaceutical is thriving since a decade and is by far the largest division of the company. disagreement is achieving moderner high gear by means of unparalleled formulations & innovative ideas. Nutracare is the broach in Gynecology and Anti pathogenic Segments and is known for the brands R. B Tone and O2 (First time launched in India) This features among the Top 300 Brands of Pharmaceutical Industry harmonise to IMS ORG. O2 Tab is bedded 1st in its social class in the Ofloxacin and Ornidazole securities industry O2 Suspension is ranked 2nd in its category in the Ofloxacin and Ornidazole Market R. B Tone is ranked tertiary in the Liquid Iron Market. Product table Haematinics Antibiotic Anti Anti-ulcerants Hepatoprotective Antibiotics Anti-Cold diarrhoeal R. B. Tone Syrup O2 Tablets Domrab Trisoliv Syrup Kefodime 50/100 DT Oncet-CF Tablets R. B. Tone Capsules O2H Tablets Kefodime 200 Oncet-CF Syrup R. B. Tone Forte O2 Suspension Kefodime dry Syrup R. B.Tone Drops O2 Infusion Ofoxin 200/four hundred R. B. Tone Injection Ofoxin Suspension VAZOKARE Vazokare Division is catering into Life Style Segments Cardiology and Dialectology. The division catch up withs and markets the quality brands with the ultimate goal of delivering utmost possible benefits to all its customers. It also strives at its best in offering the agiotage quality medicines at the most economical price, then answer the society. Vazokare proves its belief in innovation by launching the Indias first and only Glyceryl Trinitrate sprinkle in pen form.Our mission is to give access to the best healthcare products at the most low-priced price. Product table Anti hypertensive Anti-Anginal Lipid Lowering Anti-Diabetic Drugs for neuropathy multivitamin pill Agent Betabest XL 25/50 GTN Pen Atorin 5/10/20/40 Gepride M1 Mecobion P 75/150 Mecobion OD Betabest AM 25 GTN Spray Atorin EZ Gepride M1 Mecobion OD Encardil 2. /5/10 Atorin-F Glucozid Telmed AM Glucozid-M Nevol 2. 5/5 Trizem 1/2 NANOKARE It is the tenderest addition in the array of SBUs of Medley Pharmaceuticals. The Division is exploring the untapped latent to arrive at newer horizons for the company. Medleys entry into the rural market is driven by the fact that we have a vast divagate of products which address infirmity conditions and health conundrums widely prevalent in rural areas.The division covers a land of products in various healing(p) segments like anti-infective, Hematinics, anti dia rrhoeal, anti ulcerants, calcium supplementation, anti cold. The Division currently is operating in Maharashtra & Madhya Pradesh, but soon has vision of bed covering its tentacles pan India. Product table Haematinics Analgesic and Antibiotic Anti-Ulecerants Antibiotics Multivitamin Antipyretic Antidiarrhoeal R. B. Tone Syrup Nimsaid-P O2 Tablets Dompan Azirite 250/500 Vistamina Tablets R. B.Tone Capsules Nimsaid-P125/250 O2H Tablets Dompan OD Azirite Suspension Suspension O2 Suspension Ofoxin 200/four hundred O2 Infusion Cefo Suspension Cefo LX 200 ZENKARE Within a short sail of time division has made a good movement in generic market. In Zenkare, at present, range of 300 products is available in various remedial segments. Introduction of new products will be done timely as per the market demand. COMPETITORS humanness Pharma human race Pharma, the eighthlargest Pharmaceutical Company of India, was incepted in 1995 with a meager capital of? ?50 la khs and 20 employees.Today, we are amongst the top 5 fastest growing Pharmaceutical companies of India with an employee base of more than 9000 and heading towards a turnover of pic2500 crores. We place to aid the community in star(p) a levelheaded life through two parallel objectives formulating, exploitation & commercializing medicines and delivering low-priced & accessible medicinal drug that satisfies urgent medical examination destinys. serviceman is a fully coordinated pharmaceutical company, with a comprehensive network of 62 C agents & 6000 Stockiest. With a pan India presence, our offerings span in Antibiotics, Antifungals, Gastrointestinals, NSAIDs, Anthelmintics, Cardiovascular, Dermal and erect Dysfunction categories.Our strong portfolio of businesses, geographies and products ranging from Pharma to pop OTC & FMCG brands Unwanted72, PregaNews, Kustody, Adiction, Gas-O-Fast, Manforce Condoms and Kaloree1 provide us the strategic benefits of integration that al low us to perform best in an increasingly competitive market. With the thrust of do headway, in 2007 Mankind acquired Magnet Labs Pvt. Ltd. and marked its marketing presence in antipsychotic segment. In January 2010, Mankind acquiredLongifene, the former brand of UCB Belgium. We are further expanding the horizon of Serving Lifein Vietnam Philippines,Myanmar and other regulated and semi-regulated markets by 2015.Today, afterwards those tentative first steps, Mankinds voyage is not only going strong but radiating new standards and that miniscule sign investment has grown by giant strides to crores of rupees in wealth for Mankinds stakeholders. Having succeeded in garnering the verify of all, Mankind will continue to day-dream big on its path of bauble and eminence and millions of consumers will relish the results with triumph thereafter. Our Mission To corroborate a healthy & active lifestyle through our broad portfolio of Pharma, OTC & FMCG products Our Vision To be the zero (prenominal) 1 Pharma Company of India by 2015 1. Mankind Pharma 2. Discovery Mankind 3. Life star Pharma 4. additional Mankind 5. Future Mankind 6.Magnet Labs Ranbaxy Pharma Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (Ranbaxy), Indias largest pharmaceutical company, is an integrated, investigate establish, international pharmaceutical company, producing a wide range of quality, inexpensive generic medicines, trusted by healthcare professionals and patients across geographies. Ranbaxy today has a presence in 23 of the top 25 pharmaceutical markets of the world. The company has a global footprint in 43 countries, world-class manufacturing facilities in 8 countries and serves customers in 125. In June 2008, Ranbaxy entered into an alliance with one of the largest Nipponese groundbreaker companies, Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd. to create an innovator and generic pharmaceutical powerhouse. The combined entity now ranks among the top 20 pharmaceutical companies, globally. The transformational sens will place Ranbaxy in a higher growth trajectory and it will emerge stronger in terms of its global reach and in its capabilities in drug development and manufacturing. Ranbaxy was incorporated in 1961 and went public in 1973. Mission Ranbaxys mission is enriching lives globally, with quality and low-priced pharmaceuticals. Financials For the year 2011, the company enter Global Sales of US $ 2. 1 Bn. The Company have a fit mix of revenues from emerging and genuine markets hat contribute 47% and 46% respectively. In 2011, North America, the companys largest market contributed sales of US $ 791 Mn, Europe contributing US $ 297 Mn and Asia clocking sales. Strategy Ranbaxy is decocted on increasing the momentum in the generics business in its key markets through primitive and inorganic growth routes. Growth is well spread across geographies with focus on developed and emerging markets. It is the companys constant strive to provide a wide field goal of generic and innovator pr oducts, leveraging the whimsical Hybrid Business Model with Daiichi Sankyo. In Japan, Daiichi Sankyo Espha Co. , Ltd. (DS Espha) will market generic drugs.As part of the Hybrid Business Model, Daiichi Sankyo will expend Ranbaxys strong manufacturing capabilities and expertise in developing generic medicines for the Japan and market them. The company will also increasingly focus in high growth potential segments like Vaccines and Biosimilars. These new areas will add signifi washbasint depth to the existing product pipeline. R Ranbaxy views its R capabilities as a vital component of its business scheme that will provide a sustainable, long-run competitive advantage. The company has a kitten of over 1000 R scientists employed in path-breaking enquiry. Ranbaxy is among the few Indian pharmaceutical companies in India to have started its look for computer program in the late 70s, in stay of its global ambitions. A first-of-its-kind world class R&D centre was licensed in 1994.T oday, the company has multi-disciplinary R&D centers at Gurgaon, in India, with dedicated facilities for generics research and innovative research. The R&D environment reflects its commitment to be a leader in the generics space offering value added formulations and development of NDA/ANDAs, based on its impertinent Drug Delivery System (NDDS) research capability. Ranbaxys first signifi back endt international success using the NDDS technology platform came in September 1999, when the company out-licensed its first once-a-day formulation. Ranbaxy has developed the anti-malarial new drug, arterolane maleate + piperaquine phosphate that has been approved by the Indian Drug Regulator, Drug comptroller General of India (DCGI) for manufacturing and marketing in India.In April 2012, the company launched Indias first new drug, Synriam TM, for the give-and-take of simple Plasmodium falciparum malaria, in adults. Within Ranbaxy, there is a sharper focus on R&D of generics, as the company is increasingly working on more complex and specialist areas. People The Companys business philosophy based on delivering value to its stakeholders constantly inspires its people to innovate, achieve excellence and set new global benchmarks. Driven by the lovemaking of its over 14,000 strong multicultural work force comprising of more than 50 nationalities, Ranbaxy continues to precipitously pursue its mission of Enriching lives globally, with quality and affordable pharmaceuticals. Piramal PharmaPiramal Enterprises is the flagship company of the Piramal free radical and is a world leader in its various business verticals. It has a global footprint of over 100 countries, manufacturing bases in USA, Great Britain, Sri Lanka, mainland China and Canada and a diversified workforce representing the Piramal multitudes diversified global portfolio. Recently, the UN gathering on Trade and Developments World Investment Report 2011 ranked Piramal Enterprises CMO (contract manufacturing) business vertical as number five in the top 10 pharmaceutical contract constructrs worldwide and was awarded the number one position amongst all Indian CMOs. Drug discovery and research is an important part of the business.Piramal Enterprises aspires to be the first Indian company to discover, develop and launch its own NCE drug in the global market and has made steady progress towards that goal. The company has more than 115 issued patents and 395 pending patent applications in several countries. The patents and pending applications cover a wide variety of areas across multiple discovery and development programs including compositions of look (NCEs and natural products), methods of discourse, biomarkers, diagnostics, pharmaceutical compositions, drug lecture systems, etcetera Healthcare Information direction In May 2012, Piramal Enterprises Ltd acquired Decision Resources Group (DRG), a US based company, which is an indie provider of closing complement tools, analytics an d research for the global healthcare industry.Considered to offer the favourable Standard in analysis according to many of its clients, DRG provides web-enabled insights and predictive analytics via a variety of high value reports, databases, tools and advisory service to the global bio-pharmaceutical, managed care and med-tech industries. DRG is focused on three main market segments (1) The Bio Pharma business unit provides reports, databases and advisory services on drug utilization trends and forecasting in a variety of therapeutic areas (2) The Market Access business provides database and analytical services that healthcare companies use to appreciate the current and proximo chance of their products adoption into a market. (3) The Medical Technology business provides actionable insights and data on the medical device markets.Headquartered outside of Boston, DRG has a global presence with offices in Belgium, Canada, England and Japan. Indiareit is the real farming equity f unding arm. It the largest Reit fund by AUM (assets under management) in India i. e. Rs 3800 crore by June, 2011. It has domestic and offshore property, and has recently raised funds from UK, Singapore and Dubai. PHL Finance Pvt Ltd. is the non-banking financial company (NBFC) that has recently formed to look into funding of real estate and infrastructure projects. Cipla Pharma Cipla was established in 1935 with the vision of making India self-reliant and self-sufficing in healthcare. Today, we are one of the worlds largest generic pharmaceutical companies with a presence in over clxx countries.We are notable for making affordable, world-class medicines that meet the destinys of patients across therapies. We also offer services like consulting, consignmenting, plant engineering, technical know-how manoeuver and hold up. Since inception in 1935, feel for has been at the core of everything we do at Cipla. For patients, condole with is a promise that we will do whatever it ta kes to ensure they have keep access to the highest quality medicines at affordable prices whether a disease affects millions or moreover a few hundreds. To the medical fraternity, caring means the assurance of world-class medicines and support across multiple therapeutic areas.For business partners, caring brings the confidence of al ways acquire world-class quality and competitive prices. For employees, caring manifests itself in a safe, equal-opportunities workplace that fosters innovation for a healthier world. History Ciplas journey began in 1935 when our founder, Dr. K. A. Hamied, set up an enterprise with the vision to return India self-sufficient in healthcare. Over the past 77 years, we have emerged as one of the worlds most respected pharmaceutical names, not tho in India but worldwide. We have 34 state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities that make Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and formulations, which have been approved by major international regulatory Age ncies.We have over 2000 products in 65 therapeutic categories with over 40 dosage forms, covering a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from communicable, non-communicable, harsh and emerging diseases to even rare diseases. Our Research and Development (R&D) centre is focused on developing innovative products and drug tar systems, giving the country and the world many Firsts. Today, we are one of the worlds largest generic pharmaceutical companies with a strong presence in over 170 countries. We maintain world-class quality across all our products and services. Whether its for millions or for just a few hundreds, our journey to care for all humanity continues. Milestones 1. In 1935, our founder, Dr. K. A. Hamied set up Cipla to make India self-reliant in healthcare. 2.In 1939, Mahatma Gandhi visited Cipla and inspired our founder to make requisite medicines for the country, and strive for self-sufficiency. During World War II, when India was pendant on imported medicines and there was an fright shortage of life-saving drugs, we manufactured them for the country. 3. In the 1960s, we pioneered API manufacturing in the country and patroned lay the foundation for the bulk drug industry in India. 4. In 1970, we spearheaded the New Patent Law by which an Indian pharmaceutical company was allowed to manufacture a patented product as long as the process to manufacture it was changed. This enabled Indian companies for the first time to manufacture any medicines and make them available and ffordable for all Indians. 5. In 1978, we pioneered brainchild therapy in India with the manufacture of Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI), at a time when the country percentage pointped receiving imported supplies. Today, we have the worlds largest range of inhaled medication and devices. 6. In 1994, we launched Deferiprone, the worlds first oral iron chelator which revolutionized the treatment for thalassemia. For the first time patients with thalassemia had an option that was afforda ble, painless and convenient. 7. In 1996, we gave the world the first unmingled dry powder inhaler which was so simple and easy to use, it changed the face of inhalation therapy in India. 8.In 2001, we pioneered the access to HIV treatment by making antiretrovirals (ARVs) available at less than a Dollar a Day. The cost of treatment dramatically fell from $12,000 per patient per year to $300 per patient per year. This caused a revolution where HIV treatment became a reality for the world and millions of lives could be saved. 9. During the 2005 Bird Flu epidemic, we produced an anti-flu drug deep down a period of 2-3 months, which would have unremarkably taken at least 3 years to develop. 10. In 2012, we made a breakthrough in reducing the prices of pubic louse drugs, thus making world-class medicines affordable and accessible to smokecer patients. THE SEVEN pommel MISTAKES IN PHARMA LAUNCH (AND SECRETS TO ward off THEM)In todays Pharma environment, the product launch period ha s become critical. To set up a pattern for long-term sales and profits, products must make a big splash upon their introduction. But making this happen is a process that rump be filled with uncertainty, confusion and frustration. Mistakes rat set back years of causa and millions of dollars in disbursals. Understanding the biggest mistakes Pharma marketers domiciliate make during launch wad help savvy leaders prevent catastrophes, and plot a clear path towards profit. What are the biggest mistakes Pharma marketers make during pre-launch planning, and how throne they be avoided? 1. Focusing on Product, Forgetting Everything ElseSure, a big part of launching a drug revolves around the drug itself developing the chemic composition, submitting the drug for approval, ensuring formulary positioning, and more all focus on the physical product. But much lost in the mix is the customer and market. Long in the first place a product is complete and ready for sale, you need a deep und erstanding of your customers and the market you are targeting. That means understanding, in-depth, some key points ? The disease you are treating, including standards of care for that therapeutic area ? The people it affects. ? The needs of patients with the disease ? The needs of docs treating these patients ? Key opinion leaders and professional associations in the therapeutic area ? Trends in patient access, managed care acceptation and reimbursement in the disease area Key regulatory milestones and requirements affecting the disease and the product To further know your market, you must also understand your product in terms of the competition that already exists, and that which is likely to develop in the beginning and after launch. Knowing how your product will stack up against other players in the marketplace points toward the true benefits of your drug for customers. Pre-launch planning should include some tangled questions ? How is your product better than the pharmaceutica ls and intervention that already exist? ? How crumb an average customer, payer, physician or pharmacist differentiate between your product and its competition? How will the product provide benefit that is different than other Pharma offerings? ? How will your competitors respond to your market entry? ? How will the competitive landscape change over time? Is this area going to explode with entries? Will generics bottom soon? 2. Working with the Wrong team up A good product is important. But just as, if not more, important is the team guiding that product to market, and pushing it towards success. slavish in developing, marketing and selling the Pharma product is a team that boasts knowledge, experience and skills. Choosing this team is a delicate endeavor, and should combine leaders from all pay grades and units.While product managers, marketing directors and managers are a lot the go-to team members, chosen for their titles, boffo product launches need a team with creativity, problem- result ability and persistence, skills that can transcend titles. Businesses should therefore build launch teams based on experience and endowment fund for the unique process of launch. 3. Working in Silos For sound pre-launch planning, company departments must work together. Why is cross-functional work necessary for made pre-launches? Consider product research and development, which can often take place in a vacuum. With a cross-functional team, R&D can learn the concerns and needs of marketers, incorporating new research points that can be submissive in later positioning and sales.Of course, collaborationism on this level can be a daunting prospect for Pharma companies, long organized by silos and strict division of tasks. Cross-functional collaboration is the pinnacle of marketing and pharmaceutical hopes, but what often happens in implementation is a crash and burn. fault the idea down into tactical steps, however, can ease the process from the very pedigree ? E stablish and gather the pre-launch cross-functional team, including R&D, medical and regulatory affairs, and other divisions of importance. For this team of leaders from these departments, the need to differentiate the ultimate product and create value must be explicitly stressed. ? Provide clear objectives for the team, as well as clearly programmeate responsibilities.Everyone must understand his or her exercise in developing and capturing the product value. ? As key activities take place, particularly market research, refresh all findings with the team. ? Brainstorm and come up the needs of customers in the target area, including what is meaningful and worthy to physicians, patients and payers. ? Develop options for creating and demonstrating value to the customer base. Together, the team must brainstorm options, anticipating regulatory requirements, clinical development needs and marketing potential. Consider options also in terms of managed care organizations perspectives, and how the company can assuage any concerns. iodine collaborative partnership that is especially important to launch is that between marketing and sales. Most marketing communications people dont have a direct relationship with their sellers, and dont understand the realities that the sellers face in everyday sales situations. Cooperative launch planning can ensure that the sales team has the pre-launch information to get new products off to a big bang, and all the materials and information they need to address target questions. 4. Rushing douse Everyone wants the competitive advantages of being first to the market, or first to address a unique need. But rushing product launch can come at the expense of long-term success.In attempts to speed on launch, many companies give short shrift to critical areas, and dont try to accelerate more allow for areas. The most- parking arealy skipped steps in a time crunch include primary quill research, business case development and cross- functional coordination, all of them crucial in best serving the market and customers. Companies can also leave off to devote enough time to marketing and sales tactics, brand positioning, pricing, operational support and other key decisions. Due patience is essential in these areas, and can be tightly project-managed without losing time. An area that can be sped up rather easily, however, is one that many companies dont think about.By investing more attention and energy into initial regulatory approval, and obtaining that approval as quickly, expeditiously and comprehensively as possible, far greater value can be realise over a products life. some(prenominal) regulatory means exist through which companies can look to accelerate market arrival. ? precedence Review It offers an abbreviated priority review process for specific products that can confront a key point they serve a specific and notable unmet medical need. ? Orphan Drugs This program offer market exclusivity for the drugs for rare diseases, but this period is offered only to the drug that receives market approval first.Applications for these divest drugs are given greater levels of support and feedback from regulators, meaning approvals are accelerated. 5. Failure to Track, Assess and Learn Launching a new product can be a very educational experience for all those involved. But without the means of measuring success, trailing activities, and learning from mistakes, all the lessons of launch can be forgotten, creating a missed opportunity to improve future launches. Companies should take advantage of credible metrics to measure success during the pre-launch period, and participate in a post-launch review. Companies can strengthen their processes, and set themselves up for future successes. 6. Using a One-Size-Fits-All Approach accordance is a critical business practice.But many companies can take this desire overboard, adaptation every new product into the alike mold, and eliminating the cre ativity and uniqueness of each product. One way to resist the cookie-cutter approach, and create a product that can be in it for long haul, is lifecycle management. The key to better, customized product success far into the lifecycle is considering these types of strategies early, even in pre-launch. Product lifecycle management means more than plotting a counter-attack against generics. A true product lifecycle strategy is focused on maximizing the profitability of a product over its life. There are several ways to do this, and they figure prominently in the pre-launch period. Be Proactive. Start early, plan ahead, and prepare for any and all scenarios that will arise during a products life. ? Organize. Set up the cross-functional teams that will enable a comprehensive perspective and approach, whether or not these are prescribed Lifecycle Management teams. Establish clear ownership and accountability for key actions, and defined lines of authority. more(prenominal) than anythin g, the team must include members that have the actual power and skills to drive action forward and make any necessary changes. ? Franchise Make plans for your specific product, but also consider the possibilities for further expanding into the therapeutic area.A therapy franchise dominates this area through complementary products, and can be accomplished through solo efforts or licensing partnerships. ? Expand. Plan for current uses of the product, but also never stop thinking about the future uses and areas to expand into. ? Reformulate. Choose the best form of bringing that makes sense in todays environment, but set the groundwork for new innovations. Scientists are advancing the art of formulation every day, so keep aware(predicate) and keep focus on newer, patient-friendly methods of administration. Reformulation down the line is an important way of expanding a drugs usefulness and audience. ? Protect. Through the pre-launch period, the focus should be on speeding the product to approval to leverage the amount of patent exclusivity.During a products lifecycle, the team must study all regulatory trends and methods of maintaining patent protection. Prolonging the time before generic competition is an essential means of protecting the time and energy put into drug production. ? Switch. Think a successful OTC switch will be just the key for protection years down the line? Not without extensive planning that reaches back into the pre-launch period. Some experts apportion the switch should be planned while the drug is still in clinical trials, and at a minimum of seven or eight years before action. ? Shut Down. Think you shouldnt even consider the end of the line when youre in pre-launch?Think again. Exit strategies should be planned and plotted. Far too often a product is allowed to limp along in its latter years, consuming valuable organizational and financial resources. Consider the long-term and the potential scenarios for actively managing the end-of-lif e phase, and pinpoint the crosscut point for when the product no long-dated delivers value. 7. Missing Out on the privy Weapon of Analytics No proposition how much you plan ahead, new drug development is inherently risky in todays environment. Increasingly, Pharma managers and marketers need a way to assess the potential of new products, and the likelihood of success upon launch.Analytics models can provide insight on what drives your target consumers, and help predict actual launch results. The Eularis Pre-Launch Analytics Systems, for example, have been implemented and worked successfully during both pre-launch and launch of numerous pharmaceutical brands. Due to effective pre-launch analytics and planning that created strong preparation for a successful launch, these products continue to be category leaders. For anyone involved in the pre-launch and lifecycle management of the product, analytics will provide significant assistance through the myriad problems and challenges th at comes in this task. SWOT outline OF MEDLEY PHARMA Strengths 1.Strong growth in emerging market business in Suprakare division. 2. Introduction of Caramel & Zinc salt in Nutracare market that has very limited competition. 3. Co-operative and Experienced Sales team. 4. Price policy as compare to Competitors. 5. Brand value of Medley Pharma. Weakness 1. Limited presence in Indian market. 2. Weak in delivering new products in short time. 3. privation of motivation factor among MRs & distribution team. Opportunity 1. Capture the untapped Market 2. Can Increase their share in contract manufacturing. 3. Can improve the commission based dissatisfaction among sales team. 4. Can work on promoting brand in external areas too. 5.Can also work on Generic market division too which is tho to launched. Threat 1. Stiff competition from many Indian and other global brands means limited market share growth. 2. break away range of new products by competitors at rapid speed. 3. High price & qua lity sensitivity of consumers. 4. Stringent patent regulations. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODLOGY & OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the possible hurdles for launching a new Pharma products. 2. To study the different competitors of Medley Pharma. 3. To study the brand value of Medley Pharma in market. 4. To study the percept and satisfaction level among Doctors & Druggists towards Medley Pharma. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is right-hand for the Medley Pharma in understanding the buying preferences of the Distributors with regard to a) Price b) Quality c) Sales Commission ? This research is helpful for the Medley Pharma in understanding the role of the Advertising in establishing the market of the product. ? This research also helpful for Medley Pharma to improve their scattering model. RESEARCH methodological analysis Research methodological analysis is a way to systematically clobber the research workers problem or it may be understood as a science of stud ying how research is done scientifically. It defines various steps that are adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with logic behind them. ? steps to be followed for Research process- ? taste AND take DESIGN- SAMPLING prove can be defined as the selection of some part of an gather or essence on the groundwork of which a judgment or conclusion about the aggregate or totality is made. In other words it is the process of obtaining information about an entire macrocosm by examining only a part of it. The process of take in is used for various reasons- ? Sampling saves time and money. It is usually less expensive and produces results at faster speed. ? It provides more finished information. ? It enables to estimate the sampling errors and thus assists in obtaining information concerning characteristics of population. ? It also enables greater speed of collection of data. The ultimate test of standard contrive is how well it represents the characterist ics of the population it purports to represent.In measurement terms the sample must be valid which depends upon ? Accuracy It is the degree to which biasness is absent from the sample. ? Precision It represents how well the sample represents the population in all respect. SAMPLE DESIGN A sample intent is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from the sampling frame. It refers to the technique or the procedure that is adopted in selecting the sampling units from which inferences about the population is drawn. Sampling design is determined before the collection of the data. Several decisions have to be taken in context to the decision about the appropriate sample selection so that accurate data is obtained and efficient results are drawn.Following questions have to be considered while sampling design- ? What is the relevant population? ? What is the sampling frame? ? What is the type of sample? ? What sample size is needed? Sample Size It indicates the number of individual who wo uld be surveyed. Here the sample size is 102. Respondents Doctors, Distributors, Retailers & Medical representatives of Medley Pharma. METHODOLOGY We were supposed to operate from Medley Pharmaceuticals Ambala Division. We were made aware about all the products Medley was providing with a more stress on their core product Division i. e. Nutracare. methodology (OTJ-On the job) Methodology of the project starts with In the first phase we are trained and they inform us different things about market. ? They provide the database of Distribution channel. ? thusly after that we have to provide details of product & their USPs. ? Then we have to visit the point to ascertain the information from the respondents. ? Maintaining records of feedback of respondents regular basis. Methodology (OFTJ-Off the job) Exploratory research is a type ofresearch conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection meth od and selection of subjects. attached its fundamental nature, wildcat research often concludes that a perceivedproblem does not actually exist.Exploratory research often relies on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as unceremonious discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, and more formal approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups,projective methods, case studies or pilot studies. The results of exploratory research are not usually useful for decision makingby them, but they can provide significant insight into a given situation. Although the results of qualitative research can give some indication as to the why, how and when something occurs, it cannot tell us how often or how many. Exploratory research is not typically generalized to the population at large. Exploratory Research Research is exploratory when you use no earlier model as a basis of your study. The most usual rea son for using this approach is that you have no other choice.Normally you would like to take an earlier theory as a support, but there perhaps is none, or all available models come from wrong contexts. Exploratory research means that hardly anything is known about the matter at the outset ofthe project. You then have to begin with a rather dim impression of what you should study, and it is also impossible to make a detailed work plan in advance. Analysis in exploratory research is essentially Abstraction and installation Abstraction means that you translate the data-based observations, measurements etc. into concepts generalization means recording the material so that it disengages from single persons, occurrences etc. and focus on those structures (in variances) that are common to all or most of the cases.According to Alasuutari, in qualitative analysis of empirical findings, you can distinguish two phases but these two overlap Simplification of observations Interpretation o f results (or solving the enigma) In the simplification phase, the material is inspected from the theoretical point of view of the study project, and only the points relevant from this angle are noted. Details differing from