Transformational Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transformational leaders - Article ExampleThus, the leader plays the crucial role of ensuring that citizenry take action that is in synchronise with the objectives and goals of the group. leadership is a social phenomenon. As such, there are elements of leader-follower relationships that are mainly subjective in nature and are influenced by individual personality and the philosophical outline of the group (Nozick, 2010 p27). Due to this, the explanation of leadership in itself is not quite clear. Gallos defines leadership as a complex social process, root in the values, skills, knowledge and ways of thinking of both leaders and followers (p18, 2008). This definition therefore centre that leadership is influenced by some variables that influence the relationship between leaders and followers.However, there has been debates in academe and practice about how leadership can and must be construed (Stevenson, 2004 p2). Leadership can be seen as a transaction through which the leader gets to instruct and force his followers to attain the objectives of the group. In this sense, leadership is seen as a transactional event. A transactional event is an activity or event whereby a group of pile need some form of direction to attain a clearly identified goal (Paulsen, 2010 p17).In the concept of transactional leadership, followers are required to attain stated give ups and the leader is there to ensure that. This agency that a formal relationship exists between a transactional leader and his followers. This relationship does not extend beyond the confines of attaining the objectives at hand. On the other hand, several contemporary writers like Bass and Burns prolong put forward the concept of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership seems to encompass some social aspects which enhances the relationship between leaders and followers outside the normal scope of work or organizational goals. This paper examines the concept of transformational leaders hip. It begins by identifying the default smear of leadership in organizations, which is transactional leadership. From that point, the paper goes on to evaluate the role of transformational leadership as an improvement and replacement of transactional leadership. The paper also focuses on elements of transformational leadership and examines some important aspects of this type of leadership. Transactional-Event, Leadership and Authority Max Weber stated that there are three sources of berth and these sources of authority puts a person in a leadership position in a transactional event (Walonick, 1993). Webers three sources of authority are patriarchal/traditional, rational/legal and/or charismatic/informal. Patriarchal leadership answers from historical activities which gives individuals and families definite social status. Thus, people who acquire leadership through patriarchal authorities are mainly people whose births and families have some inherent power or rights of leadersh ip which are transferred to them through inherently. On the other hand, rational/legal authority comes about because a person is legally accepted to have acquired the undeniable education, qualifications/certification and relevant experience to fill a given position (Kalinowski, 2005). Such a position of authority is legally recognized by the laws of the land. Charismatic authority comes about as a result of certain informal qualities that renders an individual more powerful in a group. This power, when exercised gives the individual some pleasant of authority. In exercising authority, a leader could see the followers as a means to an end or an end in itself (Grint, 2002). The approach used, makes the leader either

The FMC Corporation Green River Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The FMC Corporation leafy vegetable River - Course take a crap ExampleThe FMC Corporation super acid River specializes in chemicals while unrivalled of its sister plant at Aberdeen deals with the manufacture of guided missile canisters for the U.S. Navy. These are two far apart(predicate) industries. The mental quickness moreover possesses numerous product lines making it able to successfully satisfy its global marketplace share. The fact that the plants employees are members of the United Steel Workers of America is in itself a tremendous motivation. Moreover, the plant does patronage under FMC corporate strategies, thereby enjoying considerable flexibility in how it runs its businesses (Carter, 1999).Looking at the sister plant of FMC at Aberdeen, one notices some difference between the two FMC Corporations. The FMC Aberdeen plant is younger and smaller than The FMC Corporation Green River and quite different in that its management is at its bare minimum basically because mo st of the work is done by self-steered work groups as opposed to the massive, older Green River, Wyoming adroitness, which is operating in alone a different industry, as earlier established (Carter, 1999).Not withstanding the differences existing between the two plants, the Green River Wyoming facility plant manager is trying to evaluate whether the extraordinary management approach at Aberdeen would suit his facility and be able to emulate a few management approaches (Carter, 1999).... The intention here is to identify the typecast of organizational design that will best suit the Wyoming facility (Carter, 1999). In analyzing the organizational design of FMC Corporations Green River, Wyoming facility, it is crucial to match the structure of the organization as closely as possible to the objectives of the organization. The design carry out attempts to advance and facilitate the efforts of members within the organization. Therefore in connection to FMC Corporations Green River, Wy oming facility, under the capable lead of the establishments site manager, Kenneth Dailey, the organizational plan should be considered as an internal change within the organization and at the same time attempt to encourage all its members to work in unity so as to define the wishes of the organization and then finally come up with structures aimed at accomplishing the said wishes most effectively (Carter, 1999). Considering the purpose of FMC Green River, in Wyoming, which is to mine and manufacture sodium carbonate soda ash, its design should be in conformity to this key function. For this reason, it will be prudent for this facility to maintain its status as the largest sodium carbonate soda ash plant in the world, since it relies on the coal and natural burn out abundant in the Wyoming basin (Carter, 1999). Alternatives and RecommendationsThe alternatives open to FMC Green River, in Wyoming, are basically to patent with other companies in the sodium production process. The c ompany can also utilize some of its existing infrastructure, and throw a continuous revenue flow from the sale of the sodium. It is also well known that Green River has the worlds largest militia of trona mineral, which is mined and processed onsite. This, in addition to abundant supplies

You have the rights to their current 3 books, do you shoot each film Essay

You have the rights to their current 3 books, do you shoot each film each or do you shoot alone at once to make certain for continuity question Strength a - Essay ExampleIt is a well known fact that time is notes, and since time is saved in this method of filming the serial or several of its movies together, it can be said that m oney is also saved.Furthermore, it is important to remember that in order to execute and commence the payoff and work on a movie, it is necessary to assemble the crew, and working on a few movies one after another avoids having to find new crew, or contacting the old movies crew to see if theyre available, or correct around. Actors tend to be on the move, whether theyre beginners looking for a break, or famous celebrity actors who film movies totally over the world, and may be out of the country, working on another movie. Hence, the availability of the crew and actors is genuinely problematic, and can be avoided by filming several movies together.Mo reover, filming a series saves some costs. Equipment, settings and backgrounds, as well as arrangements and payments for locations can all be used for more than one movie, especially if its a trilogy or some other sequel series, which presents a continuing plot. These can reach great amounts of money, and exploitation them for all the movies and all at once would result in a substantial reduction in costs, meaning more profits and fewer expenses.First and foremost, it isnt known in advance whether the movie impart succeed or fail. Investing resources in each movie can reach millions of dollars and more, therefore spend in a few movies means assaying dozens or hundreds of millions of dollars, and if done, there is no guarantee of success. Should the series fail at the box office, the huge amounts of money poured on producing and executing the film will all be lost.Some claim that if the movie, transformed from a book or a series on television, already has a large fan base, the po tential of fans going to watch the movie is greater than the risk of losing the money

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons Term Paper

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons - Term Paper ExampleThere is no ravishment if the forge does not produce a true fear of harm that is reasonable in the victim. The general territory of electric battery occurs when someone offensively touches another person and the touching does not necessarily have to chatter harm. The elements of battery are that an act with intent to suit of clothes harmful or offensive contact to the victim (Gardner & Anderson, 2012).The most important aspect that differentiates between assault and battery is the amount of contact. In assault cases, in that location is no physical harm to the victim, just threat from criminal to victim but in battery cases, there must be some physical contact between the criminal and victim. A person, who receives penalization for battery, is essenti entirelyy guilty of assault as well but on the other hand the assault crime has no charges of battery. Also, the purpose of assault is to threaten the victim while the purpose of battery is to cause to the victim actual physical harm (Molan, 2009).Both acts of assault and battery can be all be a criminal act or subject one to civil liability. Another parity is found under common law where both(prenominal) acts are both Intentional torts. In both cases there are common defense to an assault or battery charge in all jurisdictions, these defenses are mutual consent where both parties agree to the situation, meaning that there was not a slanting attack and the other defense is self-defense, defense of others, or defense of property. These are the most common defenses (Molan, 2009).The creations actions should be considered as both an assault and battery because there were elements of both crimes in his actions. The assaulter strikes (A) and rips her clothes this constitutes battery because there is actual physical contact that causes harm to the victim. Assault occurs when the attacker jumps from the channel and cause apprehension of harmf ul and offensive contact

Current Health Care Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Health C are military post - Essay ExampleThis applies to all nations with America not left out of the list. The corpse of wellness do supply to the American people is a problem, which was replicated over past generations of the American history and requires the attention of the involved parties. The joined States healthcare system is broken down and no one has the idea of how to fix it. Although the country is an economic giant and a superpower, the situation in the health sector is wanting. A fortunate portion of the American population has insurance teetotum mostly from their employment that covers their healthcare related costs (Liberty, 2012). However, most of the American people are not lucky enough to have healthcare coverage and as a result, they tend to suffer as they lack the essential access to the services. It is this situation that created questions such as why do we keep using the health care system if it does not work? Do we necessity a universal health c are system to act as a single payer and cover the American people in their attempts to get health care services? These concerns facilitated the drafting of the enduring Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) a United States federal official statue that was signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President Barrack Obama. The act commonly referred to as Obamacare or the Affordable care Act (ACA) is the most significant overhaul of the regulations of the system of healthcare of the country since the Medicaid passing in 1965.the ACA naturalized minimum standards in the policies of health insurance (Pipes, 2013). The guaranteed issue in the act the denial of coverage to individuals by insurers based on pre-existing conditions. This means all applicants with the same age and in the same geographic location offer the same insurance premium prices. The act mandates every individual without insurance cover that is from the employer, public or Medicaid sponsored to secure a private-insuran ce cover unless the individual is in financial constraints or is a member of a religious denomination that is recognized and does believe in insurance covers. Failure to honor makes a person liable to a fine. Health insurance exchanges that leave serve as an online securities industry for small businesses and individuals to compare and buy policies should commence operations in every state according to the act. The exchanges will provide subsidies on a sliding scale from the federal government for families and individuals with low-incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of need level created by the federal government (Liberty, 2012). The act also expanded the eligibility for Medicaid to individuals and families with incomes going up to 133% of the federal poverty level with the inclusion of a 5% income disregard. The employer mandate subjects employers who do not provide health care insurance to at least 50 employees to a tax penalty if there are provisions of subsidies in health care for full-time employees done tax deductions by the government. The reforms in the system of Medicare payment aim at promoting efficiency in the delivery system of health care through restructuring reimbursements of Medicare to bundled payments and not fee-to-service (Pipes, 2013). It seeks to provide access to Americans to affordable health insurance of high quality while reducing the ever-growing health care bill of the American

Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Packaging - render ExampleIt has been recognized that this particular activity i.e. Community Engagement natural action is very much sound for performing various works touch based to community due to its feature of interactive procedure and it is little costly to operate various significant functions (Gottlieb, 2006).The paper broadly aims towards highlighting the activities conducted for a community combat activity in relation to packaging for a bottled water organization i.e. New York Springs which is a coupled States based organization, execution of several actions along with the description of the feelings epoch performing the activity has been depicted. Moreover, the paper in addition includes strong concern towards various environmental issues and concerns and the broader necessity to perform these sorts of activities in future.The Community Engagement Activity in relation to packaging is mainly undertaken with a bottled water organization i.e. New York Springs which is a pedigree organization based in the US. While performing this particular activity, certain aspects were considered largely that generally relate to several environmental issues along with significant effects upon social responsibility. The vital aspects about which greater cognizance was intended to be created include recycling, reducing and reusing components in relation to packaging. These important facets were emphasized largely part executing the Community Engagement Activity.In this connection, the initial activity was performed to minimize the wastes that are generally produced while making the products of the bottled water organizations such as New York Springs. Apart from minimizing the wastes, the activity also comprised recycling or reusing the wastes that would eventually diminish the environmental issues along with posing adverse effects in the community by a considerable level. The main problem regarding the idea of packaging is that

English 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English 101 - demonstrate ExampleThe current American vacuous family is an excellent physical exercise of the modern nuclear family with least addiction on the extended family and the Africans, Latinos and Hispanics residing in America still depend on their extended families for emotional, financial and churl vex support (He, Sengupta, Velkoff & DeBarros 27). Contrary to general belief that modern nuclear families tend to be the around supportive, Gerstel and Sarkisian in The colour of family ties, try to portray a different picture exerting that colored families signify a better representation of family support. The authors in color of family ties found that Social class rather than cultures is the key to instinct the differences in extending family ties and behaviors between whites and ethnic minorities (Gerstel and Sarkisian 450). Gary Soto in Looking for work also presents its readers with a brilliant example of family support and cooperation among colored families. Looki ng for work depicts a family that is far more financially supportive than the white nuclear families or the family depicted in An Indian Story by Roger Jack. Sotto depicts a family that is living daytimelight-in and day-out through and through the same financial conditions. The deportment is seen though the eyes of a Mexican kid, who gets his ideas of a perfect life from watching the computer program Father knows best and Leave it to beaver. Believing that money can light up all their problems and make them happy and accepted by the society like in the TV program (rpr190) he does jobs for people, cleaning their gardens and flower beds, in the hope to earn that extra dime that would end the day right (Soto 4). The child also has a limited view of being wealthy due to his portion as the child says that I decided to become wealthy, and right away After downing a bowl of cereal, I took a rake from the garage and started up the block to look for work (Soto 1). He believes that by working hard doing petty jobs he can change the circumstances of his family and that too quickly. The start in an Indian story makes good money (Jack 453) due to which the author is not worried virtually any financial problems and does not address the financial condition further. The family in Looking for work supports all(prenominal) other through rough and lonely times. The mother of the three children does not marry and prefers taking care of the children herself, so that they may not suffer any trauma. The father in an Indian story remarries disdain the fact that his new wife has a son and both the step brothers fight a lot. The source says that he married a half-breed Indian and this made me feel very uncomfortable (Jack 454). The child although is disturbed by his mothers death, the father remarries thinking only of himself, and the child is also not happy with his fathers remarriage. The lack of understanding and consideration on the part of his father makes the son run away from his home. The family in looking for work, have come to celebrate each day and every meal they get, although it is the same meal. They are not bothered about the heat and dismal conditions in which they live, they celebrate the family being together at meal times. As the child says that, we sat to eat our beans and tortillas in the stifling heat of our kitchen. We all gleamed like

CRITICAL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE CHOSEN INCLUDING RATIONALE FOR Lab Report

CRITICAL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE CHOSEN INCLUDING RATIONALE FOR CHOICE - science laboratory Report ExampleThis article is a critical discussion and evaluation of this write-up dealing with the question, whether it is ethical for counselors to go sexual recountings with their ex-clients or not, as laid down by the statutory authority. In the write-up, the writer, capital of Minnesota Wilkins talks about various psychological concepts and aspects like transference, love, power play, the importance of time and critically digest if this article is required and if it is ethical for counsellors to maintain sexual transaction with their e x-clients.The rationale behind choosing this write-up, is to play up the high rate of these occurrences and to critically appraise the clauses laid down. With the number of individuals approaching counsellors increasing by the day, such(prenominal) cases are being more commonly reported and are being accepted as a part of the set-up. The analysis of this write-up can help us come to a conclusion upon the ethical elaborate of the clause. This can help implement better codes of ethics in our practical lives.ANALYSISAs already mentioned, the BAC, in its general annual meeting, upheld the clause that sexual sexual congresss between counsellors and their ex-clients is unethical and it must relegate place only after about twelve weeks after the completion of the sessions. A special clause was added that under certain circumstances, a special lifetime discharge can also be obligate on such occurrences. This was a debatable issue, since it was not unanimously agreed upon, whether such a ban or such a clause is required. Was it really unethical for a counsellor to carry no sexual relations with his ex-client In order to form the best possible opinion, the writer, Paul Wilkins, has brought about numerous references and psychology-connected theories, besides quotes of eminent authorities. As an initiation, the writer talks about t he psychological concept of transference and the relation it bears with the emotion of love. According to psychology, the relation between a counsellor and the client, is that of a student-mentor relationship, wherein the client looks up to the counsellor for guidance and understanding. This relation is called transference.Due to the presence of transference, love between the counsellor and the client, cannot be forged. According to Freud, sexual relations between counsellors and their patients are not possible. However, he is not very vocal about the post-counselling phase, when transference is reduced. The mentor-mentee relation disappears after a period of time and on the completion of this period, sexual relation can be called ethical, it appears Therefore, this period of transference is impermanent and not an long-standing one. However, this is also criticised on various grounds, the

Global Logistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Logistics - Assignment ExampleTrucking transference is fitted for relatively bulky goods and when there is need for faster and economical mode of transplant. Marine conduct is suitable for trans portholeing bulky goods through water bodies when it is available and cheaper than air transport. Important factors for selecting any mode of transport above are availability, efficiency and cost.From the mining fields, the unrefined copper ore is transported by rail from the minefields to the facilities in Toronto where they acquire processed and smelted to extract copper for export. From Toronto the copper is transported by rail to CentrePort Canada, where the copper is transported by trucks to the Port of Churchill, an natural rubber deep sea port. This sea port has air, rail and road modes of transport, and the closest connection of sea amidst Asia and the mid-West of North America.CentrePort Canada has one unique difference from the rest of the inland ports because of the v ibrant operations of air pack combined with rail and truck transport connections at James Armstrong world-wide Airport.The Copper is then pissed off at Winnipeg Manitoba port and Transported by sea to the port of Nanjing in China. From the port, the copper is transported by rail from the port Nanjing to BeijingAirport China. The expected transit time by ocean from Winnipeg to Nanjing would be about eleven days (Bauhmol, 2013).The suitable incoterm to be used while transporting these goods is CIF because it is suitable for inland or waterway transport mode, and ensures that the seller is nonimmune until the goods are delivered at the destination port.It covers many risks involved in water transportation in comparability to air transport.In China, electronic goods for export would be transported by rail from the companies of manufacture to Beijing International Airport. From the airport the goods will get transported out of China by Air to CentrePort in Canada, a principal port f or cargo

Solid Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Solid Waste - Essay ExampleThis author will discuss self-coloured yen concerns will provide details on the factors that contribute to the problem, as well as the factors that are stirred by it will tackle the positive and negative impacts will present and evaluate the present sustainability strategies and solutions and will discuss the required government, societal and global support. In addition, this authors personal plan to tense sustainability will be discussed, showing how each goal should be conducted. Solid Waste Solid forsake, as defined by the United States Environmental defense Agency (EPA), is any type of refuse, or sound coming from treatment plants of excesswater and water supply, or mire emanated from pollution control facilities and other throw-away materials from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional sources, and from mining and agricultural operations. Almost all of mankinds activities create wastes. In 2006, American residents, industries, an d institutions actually generated over 250 million tons of municipal solid waste. The average American produces waste on a rate of approximately 4.6 pounds per day.Moreover, a yearly 7.6 billion tons of industrial solid waste are produced and discarded from the U.S. industrial sector (U.S. EPA, 2003). Solid waste management comprises waste reduction, recycling, incineration, composting and landfills. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency confirmed that one-third of solid waste is recycled one-seventh is incinerated and one-half goes to landfills. The greater part of environmental harm and ecosystem damage is caused by the behavior of mankind. The growing waste generation, alongside the escalating population and excessive action of material goods will unconstructively affect the human health and the environment (Chase, et al, 2009). With the American households and businesses continuously generating trash, creating an effective home(a) waste management program is difficult. On t he local level, states and municipalities, in accordance with the requirements, requests and concerns of individual communities, have utilise solid waste programs for waste collection, transport and government, together with waste reduction, reuse and recycling. On the other hand, the duty of EPA in waste management is to set objectives and provide leadership, technological assistance, education and training (U.S. EPA, 2003). Factors that Contribute to or are Affected by the Problem In 2001, paper products comprised the biggest factor of municipal solid waste or MSW (36 %) yard wastes made up the second-biggest factor (12 percent) food scraps, glass, metals, synthetics, and lumber formed 5 to 12 % of the entire municipal solid waste leather, rubber, and fabrics constituted 7% of MSW and other various wastes comprised more or less 3 % of MSW (U.S. EPA, 2003). As the economy develops and the population increases, waste production amplifies as well. Improper solid waste management th rough uncontrolled dumping and incineration can cause health and environmental hazards, such(prenominal) as water contamination breeding places for insects and rodents flood increase from drainage obstructions greenhouse gas emissions unhealthiness outbreaks and fire risks (U.S. EPA, 2002). Benefits of Formal Recycling and Composting Programs Well-managed recycling and composting programs could be advantageous to both the ecology and the economy. Organized disposal programs could

Modern History of Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

neo History of lacquer - Essay ExampleJapan is known worldwide as the nation with the roughly serious environmental pollution. Japans environmental destruction started long before the emergence of the inelegants modernization and industrialization period. The well-known example of early pollution problem was Ashio copper mine, which began its corrosive operations at the end of the nineteenth century and continues to this day to be a pervasively indissoluble problem. The Ashio mine, in Tochigi, has been in existence at least since 1600 when it belonged to the Tokugawa shogunate with annual production capacity of close 1,500 tons. It became privately owned in 1871 following the industrialization initiated by the Meiji restoration. In 1877 it became the property of Furukawa Ichibei, and by the eighties production had increased dramatically, reaching 4,090 tons by 1885, 78 % of the total output of the Furukawa mines and 39 % of Japans copper production.The major pollution problem associated with Ashio Copper Mine was the destruction of water ecosystem collect to copper poisoning of ground water ca manipulationd by flooding and drainage. In 1884, massive tree blighting occurred because of a discovery of large copper ore load. In August 1885, massive fish kills in the Watarase River was observed because of the use of the steam-operated pump and rock-crushing machines in Ani mine. In August 1890, 1,600 hectares of farmland and 28 towns and villages in Tochigi and Gunma prefectures were heavily damaged by the floodwater, which contained poisons from the Ashio mine. In September 1896, a massive flood due to heavy rain damaged the single large city, five prefectures, twelve provinces, and 136 towns and villages over a total area of 46,723 hectares by the water-borne mine poisons.

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks - Case Study ExampleAllegra conducted a survey of more than six thousand consumers and it was found out that Starbucks cutd on customer satisfaction, maintained ethics and treated its suppliers slightly (Holmes, 49, 2007). Starbucks has concentrated on obeying the rules and regulations of United Kingdom. At the same time, it has concentrated on corporate societal responsibility.Starbucks in extremely popular among all consumer segments because it concentrates on giving the best coffee and create an riveting experience for them. At the same time, it treats both employees and customers well. In mainland china, Starbucks had succeeded integrating the topical anesthetic anaesthetic and American culture in order to create an enchanting experience for them (Miller & Sanders, 25, 2008).Starbucks has opened more than one thousand international outlets in more than eight hundred locations. In the United Kingdom, Starbucks needs to expand its presence as it superpower be possible that consumers may turn to other beverages.Although Starbucks has successfully become the leader in the mark coffee provider and coffee house domain, it still faces competition from its competitors. In United Kingdom, its competitors include local coffee outlets, Caribou Coffee, Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, etc. ... CompetitionAlthough Starbucks has successfully become the leader in the brand coffee provider and coffee house domain, it still faces competition from its competitors. In United Kingdom, its competitors include local coffee outlets, Caribou Coffee, Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, etc. To maintain its position, Starbucks pass on concentrate on meeting the demands of customers (Zeithaml, 74, 2000).. ChinaEnvironmentStarbucks has now decided to open its first store in Beijing, in China, which is located in Park Towers Shopping Mall. It has both retail and space storage and is located in the heart of shop activities (Strehle & Cruickshank, 201, 2 007).PEST analysisPolitical FactorsIn order to survive in the Chinese market, Starbucks needs to follow the rules and regulations of the government. At the same time, it would concentrate on customer satisfaction and maintain ethics. It will also concentrate maintaining its social corporate responsibility (Zackfta, 89, 2007).. Economical FactorsStarbucks is relatively a new concept in China. For this purpose, it will concentrate on introducing new products with local taste, in order to target all consumer segments. It would concentrate on integrating local and western culture in order to generate revenues by make itning customers. friendly FactorsStarbucks must concentrate on introducing new products, which would have local taste in order to win the consumers in China. Technological FactorsStarbucks strives for constant innovation and development of new products and services. It would employ Starbucks Card and Blue Martini heed system in order to retain its customers. Entry Strate gyStarbucks would concentrate on entering the China market in order to promote, publicize and campaign for its

Jetblue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jetblue - look into Paper ExampleSome of the features underlying the Jet Blue respiratory tract Company include air radio, television on every seat, and some in-flight entertainment (James, 2012). Jet blue airline also has an unexpurgated single-class dust, outstanding flight attendants, a user friendly online air ticketing system, and an Airbus A320s. The airline has scooped awards for its outstanding performance everyplace the years it was awarded for being the best domestic airline by Readers Choice Award commonly termed as the Conde Nast Traveler. Jet blue also won the Highest Customer Satisfaction Among Low Cost Carriers in uniting America award by J.D. Power and Associates in 2008. The planes from JetBlue Airline Company connect over 80 destinations including Bahamas, Las Vegas, West Palm Beach, San Juan, and Puerto Rico (James, 2012). The executive vice president of JetBlues systems and technology, John Eng revealed the plans of the airline keep company to disclose its modern workstation in New York at the John F. Kennedy International Airport. A terminal that if launched would be the peak of one major expert project by the airline. At what is normally called terminal 5 at the John F. Kennedy International Airport, is comprised of 20 check-point security lanes, Wi-Fi all over the terminal and the planes, 65 e-ticketing kiosks and 40ticket counters, and ego service all over the terminal (James, 2012). The Jet Blue Company also broke up its contract with the Navitaire Company a move which Navitaire claims is as a result of JetBlues misperception about the competency of the companys functionality. According to Navitaire, it was providing JetBlue Company with an Open Skies political platform. The Navitaire Company move to transit from the open Skies platform to New Skies system is one of the contributing factors that made JetBlue break their contract and sign a tender contract with Sabre e-ticketing. The New Skies platform is designed to work wi th a ticketless model of which money is not attached to an individual ticket but to the guest record (James, 2012). However, Navitaire defends its ticketless New Skies as more powerful and efficient than the Sabre e-ticket model since the New Skies can avoid the need of relocating data out and back up among numerous systems. Despite of the new ticketing technology that allows for ticketless model that is attached to customer records, Jet Blue Airline chose to remain with their usual ticketing model with SabreSonic. Navitaire Company perceives Jet Blues luxity to adopt the new e-ticketing system that embraces a ticketless model, as a decision that has been influenced by having a team that has roots with the U.S legacy carriers (James, 2012). Navitaires states that JetBlue cannot bring in the benefits that come with the new ticketless model. The benefits mentioned include flexibility of services, reduced costs, and ticketing efficiencies. The Chief executive Officer (CEO) and pres ident of JetBlue Airline, David Barger substantiate against Navitaires perceptions and stated that Sabre will provide his company with numerous benefits. Berger continues and says that the new platform adopted by Jet Blue provides the company with robust and flexible tools to increase the products and services rendered to their customers. The CEO adds on that the technological system will help in further augmenting the brand of the airline and advancing the general customer

To what extent do you agree that CCTV has had a positive effect on Essay

To what extent do you agree that CCTV has had a positive effect on society - Essay ExampleThe first atomic number 18a under review article is airport territory as, unfortunately, airports become one of the main targets for terrorists what requires increased attention of security. Human capacity is curb to keep in focus all the details, especially small ones, even if many pot are employed. That is the main reason why Closed Circuit Television surveillance is emergencyed. For instance, all the records can be saved and revised should the need arise for more clarification. Such a situation explains the necessity of CCTV writ of execution to reduce the risk of terrorist attacks and to assist better in questions of preventive measures. Due to this factor, it is possible to minimize the need of hiring a great number of people what is reflected on the economic performance in general. Additionally, with the help of CCTV it is easier to picture the quality of pilots work that is the mos t essential in questions of passengers safety. Moreover, being under control, the level of responsibility is ripening and makes people perform better with their obligations. Besides that, such surveillance helps to monitor the quality of services provided by the airport staff, like baggage maintenance and handling, for instance (Airport Security, 2009). To opposite to all those people who worry most their privacy, it should be mentioned that all the video observation is absolutely confidential and only a few people have access to those files what leaves no place for fears of the interference into anyones private life.The other area where CCTV cameras are useful is on the roads. The article (ZeeNews, 2014) has a negative feedback on the growing quantity of cameras and the accessibility to the recorded information. But, jibe to Surveillance Road Map, where the laws protecting Human Rights are described, it is stated that such an important question as privacy is regulated by the se t of laws that carry penalties and punishment corresponding to the

Group Insurance Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group Insurance Environment - Essay Example just about of the programs offered include pr counterbalancetive services, collar services, alcohol and substance abuse, mental health services, pregnancy and maternity trade, and emergency services. Dental c are is provided through Delta Dental. This depends on the choice of network by the employee. In this case, the employee may prattle any dentist of choice but the maximum benefits are available when the employee chooses Delta provider (AMB 6). Vision care benefits provide eye coverage. However, one is required to use Vision Service Plan (VSP) (AMB 7).2) Identify the by-line benefits as either a form of Group Insurance or Self-Funding Benefits Retirement Plans, Employee Assistance weapons platform (EAP), Employee Stock Purchase Plans (ESPP), and Stock Grants.Apart from the security benefits of today, AMB assists employees to plan for their future by allowing employees to save toward their retirement. Employees contributions are auto matically deducted their kick incheck on a pretax basis (AMB 4).AMB also provides Employee-Assistance Program (EAP) to all bailable employees and their eligible dependants, free of charge. This includes confidential counseling and referral services for issues that may affect employees personal life or even job performance (AMB 5). They help in areas like marital problems, emotional or stress tie in issues, drug abuse, child and elder care, financial assistance, and legal matters.AMB also provides voluntary benefits in terms of education and training programs in support of professional development of employees. They provide employees with tuition fees, seminar reimbursement programs and conferences.AMB arranges for flexible spending accounts (FSAs). This allows employees to pay their care expenses with pretax dollars. When employees enroll in FAS, the amount they select is deducted from their paycheck on a pretax basis.Federally mandated benefits in AMBs plan includes paying less in taxes

In writing a narrative essay Essay Example for Free

In compose a narrative bear witness EssayInclude sensory and emotional details, so the reader will experience the story, non exclusively read ab aside it Have the story support the detail you are making, and make reference to that point in the beginning(a) sentence. Write in the first or third persondescriptiveDescriptive essays have text which describes traits and characteristics of people, objects, up to nowts, feelings, etc in intricate detail.Whatever is being described will be well up examined. For ensample, if you were describing roses, you would explainWhere they seed fromWhat they go through similarWhat colors they areHow they grow and smellWhen you write a descriptive essay, you want to involve the readers senses and emotions. For example, you could say, I got sleepy or describe it like this, As I was waiting for Santa, my eyelids began to get heavy, the lights on the tree began to blur with the green offset printinges, and my head started to drop. The r outine sentence gives vivid details to make the reader feel like he is there. Exposition becharm to a greater extent how to start a personal narrative essay examplesExpository essays can compare, explore and converse problems, or tell a story. An exposition essay gives information about various topics to the reader. ItInformsDescribesExplainsIn writing an exposition, the text needs toBe concise and easy to understandGive different views on a subject or report on a situation or event Explain nighthing that may be difficult to understand as you write your essay.Remember that your purpose is to explain.ArgumentativeIn an eristic essay the writer is act to convince the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. The writers position will be backed up with certain kinds of evidence, like statistics or opinions of experts.The writer is not just giving an opinion, but making an short letter for or against something and supporting that argument with data.To subsist how t o write an essay in an argumentative way, you have to research and backup what you say in the text. Learn by ExampleWhen learning how to write an essay, some time the best way to learn is to look and analyze essay examples.following are excerpts from narrative essays smell back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled warm and haired feelings. As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, s as well asd on the edge of the Grande canon and have jumped on the beds at Caesars Palace in Lake Tahoe.The day I picked my dog up from the pound was one of the happiest days of both of our lives. I had gone to the pound just a week earlier with the idea that I would just look at a puppy. Of course, you can no more just look at those squiggling little faces so filled with hope and joy than y ou can handicap the sun from setting in the morning. I knew within minutes of walking in the door that I would get a puppy but it wasnt until I saw him that I knew I had found my puppy.Looking for houses was supposed to be a fun and exciting process. Unfortunately, none of the ones that we saw seemed to match the specifications that we had established. They were too small, too impersonal, too close to the neighbors. After days of finding nothing even close, we began to wonder was there actually a perfect house out there for us?The following is an example of a famous narrative written by John Updike, Hub Fans Bid Kid AdieuThe afternoon grew so off that in the sixth inning the arc lights were turned onalways a wan sight in the daytime, like the burning headlights of a funeral procession. Aided by the gloom, Fisher was slicing through the Sox rookies, and Williams did not come to slam dance in the seventh. He was second up in the eighth. This was almost certainly his last time to come to the plate in Fenway Park, and instead of merely cheering, as we had athis three previous behaviors, we stood, all of us, and applauded.Following are excerpts from descriptive essaysLike his twisted feathers, his many scars, the reliable old owl chose the gnarled, weather-beaten, but full-blooded branch oftenit being a companion to the wise alone with the night and the last branch to creak in the heaviest wind. He often came to passel the fields and the clouds before his hunt, to listen to the steady perish of the stream passing through reeds under the bridge, while combing his feathers for the unwantedswhatever they might be. present is a descriptive essay about a first visit to a favorite diner written by a student at Roane State Community CollegeWhen entering the door at Lous, twain things are immediately noticeable the place is rarely empty and seems to consist of a maze of rooms. The first room, through the door, is the main part of the restaurant. There is another , rarely used, dining room off to the dear. It was added during the oil well boom of the seventies. Through the main dining room is yet another room it guards the door hint into the kitchen. This room contains the most coveted table in the place. The highest tribute Lou can bestow on anyone is to concede them access to seats at this table. This table is the family table it is reserved for Lous, and her daughter Karens, immediate family and treasured friends. here is an example of a descriptive essay from St. Cloud StateBilly Rays Pawn Shop and Lawn mower Repair looked like a burial ground for country auction rejects. The blazing, red, diesel fuel tanks beamed in front of the station, looking like cheap lipstick against the pallid, wrinkled texture of the leafy vegetableing lot sand. The yard, not much bigger than the end zone at General G. Patton High School on the northeasterly end of town, was framed with a rusted metallic hedge of lawn mowers, banana seat bicycles, and corr oded oil drums. It wasnt a calico frame of rusted parts, but rather an orchestra of unwanted machinery that Billy Ray had position into sections. The yellow-tanked mowers rested silently at the right of the diesel fuel. Once red, now faded orange, mowers stood at solicitude to the left. The oilbarrels, jaded and pierced with holes, bellared like chimes when the wind was right. The bikes rested sporadically throughout the lot. In the diaphragm of it all was the office, a faded, steel roof supported by cheap two-by-fours and zebra paneling. Billy Ray was at home, usually, five blocks east of town on Kennel Road.Following are excerpts from exposition essaysThis family was a victim of a problem they could have avoided-a problem that, according to Florida common land rangers, hundreds of visitors suffer each stratum. Several times a month, ranger Rod Torres of OLeno State Park said, people get scared and leave the park in the middle of the night. Those people picked the wrong kind of park to visit. Not that there was anything wrong with the park The hikers camped next to them loved the wild isolation of it. But it just wasnt the kind of place the couple from unfermented Jersey had in mind when they decided to camp out on this trip through Florida.Here is an example of a student model answer of an Expository Essay from The Write SourceDid you know that 7 out of 10 students have cheated at least once in the past year? Did you know that 50 percent of those students have cheated more than twice? These shocking statistics are from a survey of 9,000 U.S. high school students.Incredibly, teachers may even be encouraging their students to cheat Last year at a school in Detroit, teachers allegedly provided their students with answers to statewide standard tests.Here is an another example of an expository essay.This example comes from Essay StartThroughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty i deal. Ancient Chinese aristocrats bound their feet as a show of muliebrity American and European women in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly, some suffered internal damage in some African cultures women continue to wear plates in their lower lips, continually stretching the skin to receive plates of larger size. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focussed on womens bodies the tiny waist of the overnice period, the boyish figure in vogue during the flapper era,and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s. legitimate standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, Having to be attractive at this time . . . meaning unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceive by others and oneself as healthy (19). However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying t o look their best, it is also a struggle for bidding, acceptance and success.Finally, here are excerpts from argumentative essaysGun tell has been a controversial issue for years. A vast majority of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel they have the right to bear arms for protection, or even for the pleasure of hunting. These people are penalized for protecting their lives, or even for enjoying a common, innocent sport. To enforce gun control throughout the nation means violating a persons positive rights. Although some people feel that the issue of gun control will limit crime, the issue should not exist due to the fact that guns are necessary for self defense against crime, and by enforcing gun control is violating a citizens second amendment right to bear arms.Another examples of an argumentative essay comes from Bogazici UniversityThrow out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house . A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at leastcome as genuine news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an evenbigger blow to our bureau in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips we can be healthy by doing Reikion on a regular basis.On Essay By Example, on the other hand, the sample argumentative essay addresses online games and socialization

The personalities of the contenders Essay Example for Free

The personalities of the contenders EssayHow significant were the personalities of the contenders to succeed Lenin in explanation for Stalins defeat of his opponents in the years 1924-29? Lenins death on the 21st January 1924 caused long sadness across the country. After Lenins death, everyone was eagerly waiting to know who would be the next leader of Russia. In the years afterwards Lenins death, there was no choke successor to his leading. However, when Lenin was leader, Trotsky was always there for him, and he played a broad role in the Civil War, therefore everyone thought he would become Lenins successor. However, as well as Trotsky there were other significant contenders, such(prenominal) as Stalin, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev which created a huge antecedent struggle. I consider that the personalities of the contenders were significant in this struggle. However, other factors such as ideological battles, removal of opponents by Stalin and the consolidated powe rbases besides had an effect. The personalities of all were all extremely incompatible by a great margin. The most likely to win, Trotsky was intellectually gifted which greatly benefitted him.He was excessively a great military leader and had good organisational skills. Trotsky has a few strong disadvantages to his personality though. His late arrival to the Bolshevik party could be interpret Trotsky as an unloyal character while his arrogance delinquent to his intelligence made him quite a few different enemies in the Bolshevik party. Trotskys arrogance led to his defeat as he vastly underestimated Stalin and the holy terror he posed, while also decreasing his inner party strengthener. At the time Trotsky would be clear favourite to win just his shortsighted characteristics let him down. The next contender and winner of the battle for power was Joseph Stalin. An underdog and one of the least likely looking people to win, Stalin played his cards well and to his advantage. Being a Bolshevik from the beginning supported the fact that Stalin was a loyal Bolshevik which was a strength of his personality. Stalin beingness a cunning character was another strength of his and was a contributing factor to the defeat of his enemies as he was easily able to fake and outplay them.His ruthlessness and his ability to easily gain support repayable to his position and authority to promote them also benefitted greatly to the defeat of his enemies. He had a study weakness and thorn in his side though and that was Lenins opinion of him. The ability to easily manipulate Stalin was also a major disadvantage for him. While Stalin didnt look it, he had just as bigof a chance as Trotsky due to his nature. Another contender in the race for leadership was the Golden boy known as Bukharin. Bukharin was possessed one of the best personalities of the party and his traits and strengths such as his incorruptibility and honest and well natured manner were good aspects about hi m. His Golden boy title was also ministrant as it represented how liked he was by Lenin before his death. His intellectuality also benefitted him greatly and he was very much referred to as the brains of the Bolsheviks. Bukharins main weakness though was that he had no ambition and he was too young. These factors led to a small support for Bukharin while his right-wing views also cut out around votes for him.Another contender, Zinoviev possessed good strengths such as being a good speaker and being good friends with Lenin. These would essentially give Zinoviev a right to the leadership of the party. He was involved little in the civil war though and his dislikeable and vain nature did little to help him gain the support he needed which was why he teamed up with the last contender Kamenev. Kamenev was also a friend of Lenin but compared to Zinoviev was from a working class background which would have benefitted him greatly due to the say and respect he would have. Kamenev had litt le influence though and was too uninspirational greatly denting his chances Therefore, what we can infer from the personalities and strengths of each other contenders was that Stalin cleverly manipulated and took advantage of each contenders weaknesses which led to him comme il faut leader. Stalin would also use the past to his advantage e.g. Zinovievs poor revolutionary record or Trotskys past allegiances. Stalin would also use the personalities of other contenders to his advantage e.g. Trotskys arrogance or the fact that Bukharin has no ambition. There were also many other factors that led to Stalins victory though.Another way in which Stalin won was the removal of opponents by Stalin. Stalin slowly but sure took out each of his opponents carefully and concisely. Stalin outside Trotsky by creating the Triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin carefully destroyed Trotskys reputation with Zinoviev and Kamenev with things such as questioning his loyalty to Lenin, destroying hi s influence by questioning his Bonapartism ideology and question his activities leading up to the revolution. Stalin also made Trotsky miss the funeral of Lenin, shocking the party and destroying Trotskys influence by a huge chunk. When Stalin had taken care of Trotsky,he then took care of Zinoviev and Kamenev by splitting the Triumvirate and creating the Duumvirate with Bukharin. With Zinoviev and Kamenev in decline due to the influence they had in the defeat of Trotsky, Stalin easily defeated them. When that had happened Stalin quickly turned against Bukharin and with his growing influence Stalin removed him from the race for leadership.At the end of everything, Stalin had removed all opponents and this was a big factor in determine Stalins victory due to the fact that it had removed all of the people in the way of Stalin becoming leader of the Bolsheviks. Another way Stalin took power was by increasing his influence by never in reality taking a side. While everyone was on either a left-wing or right-wing stance, Stalin remained inert as to not damage his influence with members of either side. This way Stalin would face less opposition due to him not going against a large opposition of the party. His stance on things such as the NEP also came to his advantage and he both agreed and disagreed with it at different times. Stalin also took a neutral view on how fast Russia should industrialise, he personally however took a left wing view towards this.

Criminal Investigations & Criminal Evidence Essay Example for Free

Criminal Investigations Criminal Evidence EssayWhy is non-verbal communication historic when testifying before a venire, and what suggestions do you have for helping a testifying officer make a appointed impression on a jury? Jurors are selected by the judge, prosecution and the defending lawyer. The judge depart provide the list of potential jurors to both the prosecution and the defending attorney for the selection process to embark in the trial wooing. For either the prosecutor or the defending attorney jury selecting a jury is normally very similar in its process. The selection of the jurors is completed after the trial initiation and the arraignment and plea.The sixth Amendment provides the any American citizen the right to an impartial jury (Hess Orthmann Hess, 2013). The process both the prosecution and the defending attorney use to select a juror is called voir dire (the preliminary examination of a witness or juror to determine his or her competency to give or hear evidence). These people are questioned by both the prosecutor and the defense attorney. During this process the potential jurors are questioned about a number of things, from their spiritual practices to things that have happened to them.The reason for these open ended questions is to see if the juror will be biased against the accused, or may have beliefs that will harm a case (Hill, 2005)(Hess Orthmann Hess, 2013). Both the prosecution and the defending attorney utilize some common tactics and potential jury processing techniques. Both parties study their case and establish a tactics to confront the potential jurist with. They may even hire a Philologist with jury selection specialty training to assist their jury selection. First is the belief and attitude examination of the juror (Hess Orthmann Hess, 2013).ReferencesHess Orthmann, C. H., Hess, K. M. (2013). Criminal Investigation (10th Ed). Clifton Park, NY Cengage Publishing.Business Law. Anti Essays. Retrieved Januar y 12, 2013, from the World Wide Web http//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/222945.html

An Evaluation of the Performance of the United Nations Essay Example for Free

An Evaluation of the Per versionance of the join Nations EssayAbstractThe coupled Nations is the most dominant stunnedside(a) governmental harmoniumization in the atomic number 18na. Having been organize with the main bearing of preventing war immediately later onwards instauration state of war II, so far-off it appears to pick up had bittie success in doing so. Yet there be m either problems that ar global in nature and thus dep block on the f altogether in Nations to address them. This has prompted scrutiny into the activities and personal business of the get together Nations with the maneuver of assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. This field of operations takes a faultfinding look into the structures and responsibilities of the governmental and protective covering department organs of the unite Nations with the civilize of identifying weaknesses and making proposals on how improve on the per variety showance of the organiz ation.Chapter I IntroductionIntroductory paragraphsThe ch each(prenominal)enge of in protective covering in multi internal relations remains champion of the biggest threats facing the piece today. Despite numerous spirited efforts by countries through and through and throughout the macrocosmnessnessly c at oncern to secure the world(prenominal) system from the ever so lurking dangers of multi bailiwick wars, the tenet of incorpo esteemd security remains as elusive as ever.Since the formation of the joined Nations (UN) in 1945, the orthogonal system has on the face of it been characterized by numerous security challenges that fork out particularly been defined by events during the common cold war, after the crisp War and after the September 11 2001 act of little terrorism attacks upon the joined States. With the lay downation of the joined Nations having been solidly present on the beliefs of corporal security, there atomic number 18 increasing concerns as to whether the coupled Nations is living up to its billing. ago events have clearly demonstrated that the fall in Nations lacks adequate capacity and authority to perform the principle of collective security. According to Goldstein (2003), The UN employ establishes a mechanism for collective security the banding together of the worlds states to stop an aggressor (p. 267). Chapter 7 of the drive explicitly authorizes the security system Council to use military force a learnst pugnacity if the use of non-violent conceives as captured in chapter 6 fail. According to the UN film, the unite Nations whitethorn intervene domestically in a state that commits acts of onset or poses threats to security.However, this principle is usually obligate selectively. Analysis by Roberts Kingsbury (1994) showed that because bully nations possess veto motives, the UN can non aggressively stop aggression by (or reign overed by) a great office render. Therefore, Chapter seven was used once during the Cold War in the Korean War when the Soviet deputation unwisely boycotted the shelter Council proceedings (p. 61).The U.S. flew the U.N. flag in reversing the North Korean violation of South Korea in 1950 and the invasion of Iraq in 1990, and both violations were a violation of the world(prenominal)ist castigateeousness beneath the UN charter (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 63). Goldstein (2003) notes that it was under Chapter 7 of the Charter that the UN authorized the use of force to reverse Iraq aggression against Kuwait in 1990 (p.269).To the storm of many, the fall in Nations never intervened militarily in standardised illegal Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the Israel invasion of Lebanon in 1982 (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 68). These were clear indications that the join Nations is especial(a) by the demands of power administration in the transnational system. Kochler (2002) emphasizes that the worldwide system is fundamentally anarch ical, with the great powers unagitated dominating the outside(a) system and the get together Nations itself (p. 6)Purpose of the cartoonJust as the League of Nations grew out of the World War I, the unify Nations grew out of the World War II. Like the League of Nations, The fall in Nations did not fundamentally challenge national sovereignty, it did not alter the breathing distribution of power among nation-states, and it institutionalized the dominant puzzle of the great powers specifically the victorious powers in the World War II. The United Nations did not gain the monopoly on the consistent use of force, which would be necessary to eng differenceer a world government and to impose show through superior force and authority. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the fundamental abilities of the United Nations in pursuing and achieving the principle of collective security in the international system.Research QuestionThe ever increasing threats to the stat e of security in the world have prompted a close scrutiny on the United Nations loading function of collective security. As a contemporary international governmental organization (IGO), the United Nations certainly does not constitute a world government with absolute power and authority to impose tranquility on the world. Yet, this does not mean the United Nations is powerless or in foolificant. slice the United Nations faces numerous hurdles in enforcing the international law due to the sovereignty statues of states and nation-states, the organization can yet influence the behavior of states and provide forums for discourse and fundamental interaction that would be considered much orderly than implied by the concept of anarchy. Therefore the research question involves a critical look into the performance of the United Nations relative to its main function of upholding the principle of collective security in the international system.HypothesisThe core empirical research hypothe sis of this study states that the United Nations has not succeeded in upholding the principle of collective security in the international system.Significance of the studyThe United Nations Charter is ground on unifying principles that suffice as the driving force for the organizations initiatives. One of the detect principles of the United Nations Charter is the recognition of the sovereign equivalence of all comp binglent states. As such, all subdivision states argon considered to be equally sovereign over their respective territories. Each subdivision state has one vote in the General assembly, yet they be not equal in wealth and power. Moreover, just now tailfin major powers have long-lasting seats on the protection Council.Critics and admirers alike point out that the United Nations institutionalizes international inequality due to the fact that the Charter is loaded with idealistic principles that bear little affinity to reality. Therefore the study is significant because it will highlight on the many challenges that the United Nations faces in its efforts to uphold the principle of collective security and make appropriate recommendations for addressing those particular challenges.Research LimitationsThe main limit point of this study is lack of sufficient writings regarding the problems that the United Nations encounters charm performing its core function of upholding the principle of collective security. Most of the experienceing literatures about the United Nations have focused more on the success of the organization rather than losers.Definition of harmFor the basis of this study, the definitions of international relations, international system, terrorism, international organizations and collective security will be expressed in the simplest termsInternational relations argon the does that define the terms of interaction state and non-state actors relate amongst themselves in the international system.International system refers to a set of relationships among world states, structured according to certain rules and patterns of interaction. Goldstein (2003) illustrates that whatever of these rules be implicit man spick-and-span(prenominal)s are explicit as they determine who is considered a member of the system, what rights and responsibilities members have and what kind of rights and responsibilities occur among states.Terrorism refers to a form of political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately, with the aim of gaining advantage in international bargaining occurrences. Terrorism usually becomes impressive if it succeeds in damaging the morale of a population and likewise when it gains media exposure for the cause.International organizations are organizations convolute in politically relevant activities whose social rank and activities occur in more than one sphere.Collective security is a principle of the UN Charter that advocates for the banding together of the worlds states to stop an aggression against member states. Under the principle of collective security, aggression against one member of the UN is seen as an aggression against all. Chapter 7 of the Charter explicitly authorizes the protective cover Council to use military force against aggression if the use of non-violent means as captured in chapter 6 fail.Chapter II BackgroundLiterature ReviewThe United Nations was founded at the end of World War II in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. The formation of the UN became apparent after the realization that the League of Nations had failed miserably. Mesler (1997) acknowledges that the failure of the League of Nations was precipitated by the lack of adequate power and authority, in stability in the international system and the involuntariness of the US Senate to ratify the treaty that formed the league (p. 11).However, the underlying principles that led to the formation of the United Nations are synonymous with those that governed the f ormation of the League of Nations. Unlike the League of Nations which lacked the backing of the US Senate, the United Nations get under ones skind the fire endorsement and backing of both the US Senate and President.As an international governmental organization (IGO), the foundation and substance of the United Nations is best demonstrated by the supposition of realness. According to the surmisal of realism, there is no world government, or political authority above the state, thus the international system is essentially anarchical without any overarching political torso capable of imposing law and order in the behavior of its members or nation-states(Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 19). The theory stresses on the centrality of the state, or nation-state, as the supreme political authority in world politics.The theory of realism is based on the assumption that the overriding motive of all states is self-preservation through maximization of power, a situation that transforms the international system to a static state of a war of all against all. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) note that stability is best maked through balance of power, which conducts from uninhibited interaction among states, with the most powerful country acting as a balancer (p.19).According to Goldstein (2003) the international relations theory of realism recognizes low politics ( sparing and affectionate matters) to be biteary to high politics (military and security) (p. 265). It is upon this premise that the United Nations was founded to act as the over-arching political body to impose law and order on the behavior. In essence, the United Nations would enforce peace by treating aggression against one as an aggression against all and collectively drubbinging the offender.The formation of the United Nations is further favored by the international relations theory of idealism. The theory of idealism is based on Immanuel Kants philosophic theory that focuses on the cooperative capacity of homo beings rather than their self-centeredness and lust for power. In his book titled incessant Peace, Immanuel Kant argued that just as the consensual establishment of government brings order and domestic tranquility to people indoors states, so does the establishment of a world congress among republican states in bringing perpetual peace to the world universally, thus ending the war for all time (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 39).Kant believed that a pacific union would desire to be made up of republican states based on representative governments, for when the people themselves rather than princes could fix whether or not to go to war, they would invariably avoid it, for it is they who must bear all the burdens of warfare. These republican governments would establish a world congress to settle disputes and avoid the potential for violent struggle. Kant ultimately laid the philosophical groundwork not solely for the contemporary theory of idealism, but also its corresponding institutionalization in the form of international governmental organizations (IGOs) like the United Nations (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 40).However, the two theories of realism and liberalism are sharply contrasted by the theory of liberalism. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) note that in the international system, liberalism theory recognizes state preferences as opposed to state capabilities, to be the elementary determinants of state behavior (p.44).Roberts Kingsbury (1994) point out that unlike the theory of realism where the state is seen as a unitary actor, liberalism advocates for plurality of state actions (p.45). The liberalism theory further states that interaction among states is not limited to high politics (military and security), but stretches further to low politics ( scotch and friendly matters). Therefore, this situation eliminates the anarchical situation in the international system as states gain plenty of opportunities for interaction through broader economic and cultural cooperation.Although the realism and liberalism theories befuddle different arguments concerning the founding philosophies of international organizations, both theories acknowledge the need for lasting peace and security in the international system. The spirit of peace and security is what cause the founding of the United Nations. The organization was founded with the main objective of maintaining international peace and security through peaceful settlement of disputes. The United Nations is further entrusted with the task of promoting economic and social co-operation, in part through consultation with non-governmental organizations as well as the promotion of human rights for populations throughout the world.The United Nations Charter is based on the principle that states are equal under international law states have across-the-board sovereignty over their own affairs that states should have lavish independence and territorial integrity and states should carry out the ir international obligations that include respecting diplomatic privileges, refraining from committing aggression, and observing the terms of the treaties they sign (Goldstein, 2003, p. 206). The Charter also lays out the structure of the United Nations and the methods by which it operates. According to the United Nations website, the structure of the United Nations consists of the General Assembly, the security measure Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.The secretariat is headed by the escritoire General and is principally the bureaucratic wing of the United Nations. The Secretary General serves for a maximum of two 5 year terms. The international Court of Justice is headquartered in Hague, Netherlands, and serves as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.It consists of fifteen judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms and separately one of them must be from a different state. While the decisions of the international Court of Justice are formally binding, it possesses no mechanisms of enforcement. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) coordinates the United Nations various specialized agencies while the Trusteeship Council was set up to oversee the administration of trusteeships.Weiss Dhows (2007) point out that the General assembly and the Security Council are the most important organs that handle issues that concern the principle of collective security (p.149). The general assembly is the only organ in which every member state is represented, with each state having scarcely one vote according to the spirit of sovereign equality. Linda (2003) further reveals that the General Assembly mainly serves as a forum for debates, reviews and setting of agenda (p.33). However, the enforcement of the decisions made by the General Assembly is never guaranteed in spite of the fact that the resolutions are usually passed by a 2/3 majority.The Security Council consists of five permanent members with veto powers. The five permanent members include the United States Britain, Russia, China and France. The Security Council also consists of 10 other members who are usually proposed by the General Assembly and serve on a 2-year rotation basis. The decisions of the Security Council are binding and enforceable.According to Weiss Dhows (2007), the Security Council deals with collective security and peacekeeping at the request of one or more of the parties in conflict. Moreover, the Security Council has the rights to investigate any dispute or situation that efficacy threaten international peace and security, and to recommend methods of resolution. The Security Council further negotiates ceasefires and disengagements as instruments of conflict resolution. The council is further vested with powers to authorisation or authorize the use of military force to contain a conflict.However, the powers of the Security Council are limited in two ways first, the councils decisions depends entirely on the interests of member states, thus the ambassadors who represent the states cannot form a council resolution without authorization from their respective governments and second, member states a good deal try to evade or develop the effects of binding resolutions made by the Security Council. However, Goldstein (2003) warns that Security Council resolution can be enforced only if enough powerful states care about it (p. 272).The Security Council runs a formal mechanism for organize multilateral military action in answer to aggression, referred to as the Military Staff Committee. The delegation is placid of military officers from the permanent council members. The Military Staff Committee was established under chapter 43 of the United Nations charter.However, the committee has never been used due to the fact that the United States opposes the procedure of placing its forces under non-US commanders (Goldst ein, 2003, p.272). According to Goldstein (2006) this is the reason why military forces responding to aggression under the auspices of the Security Council resolutions have always remained under their respective national commands, as was the case during the Gulf War where the U.S. forces undertook the direction of enforcing a UN resolution but did not break UN insignia or flags (p.273).The Cold war rivalry amongst the United States and the Soviet is considered to be one of the biggest challenges that ever characterized the United Nations Security Council. The rivalry had split the member states into two blocks, a situation that led to the excess use of veto powers by the United States and the Soviet.According to the Un Committee Report on contributors, the United Nations is funded through contributions from member states. Contributions are assessed according the economic strengths of the member states. The United States has always been the largest contributor to the United Natio ns. The United States used to contribute 25% of the UN budget until 1997 when maximum contribution was reduced to 20% under the determine of the then Secretary General Kofi Annan. The poorest majority of the General Assembly may pay less than 1% while the ten wealthiest contributors pay 75% of the budget, but cast less 75 of the vote.Major contributors to the systematic UN budget for 2006Member StateContribution% of total UN budgetUnited States22.00%Japan19.47%Germany8.66%United farming6.13%France6.03%Italy4.89%Canada2.81%Spain2.52%China2.05%Mexico1.88%Australia1.59%Brazil1.52%Source www.unstats.un.org The above statistics are representative sample of financial contributions from UN member countries. only member states make contributions to the UN.Chapter III MethodsThe proposed study is based on a pre-post design, meaning that performance valuation was based on events during the Cold War, after the Cold War and the events after the September 11, 2001 terrorism attacks upon th e United States. Participants were asked to state their opinions and answer opinions on questions regarding the performance of the United Nations relative to its key duties of ensuring collective security for all member states. The study mainly consisted of a demographic questionnaire consisting of 15 items that were designed to measure the attitudes of the participants concerning the roles of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security. The study involved a two-dimensional approach of tolerance and stability.Tolerance refers to the point to which the principle of collective security is accepted as a politically tolerable action while stability refers to domestic and international legitimacy of the principle of collective security. The demographic questionnaire further consisted of descriptive breeding of the participants such as age, sex, religion, nationality, gender and race. The study also involved comprehensive research from existing literature that was design ed to assess the validity of theories of international relations and international law to the founding principles of the United Nations. entropy collectionStratified random samples were drawn from both online college populations and the general public, followed by simple random take in each group. The study employed both theoretical and accessible populations in sampling with the aim of reaching wide and varying audiences. The sourced reports obtained from participants provided helpful insights into the different opinions and attitudes that different people of different ages, gender, religion, nationalities and races have towards the United Nations relative to the performance of its international duties. The population sample targeted existing views from participants aged 18 year and above. info abbreviationAn psychoanalysis of variance was used to measure the data. Repeated measurements of data were used to determine and rate different opinions and attitudes from different parti cipants concerning aspects of collective security functions of the United Nations.LimitationsLimitations in the context of this study refer to the factors which may have prevented the persons from participating or responding accurately to the questionnaires. The main limitation of this study involved geographical constraints. It was ambitious to involve people from all member states of the United Nations given that the UN membership currently stands at more than 200 states. There were also restraints in terms of correct interpretation of the questions as many participants did not have deep knowledge and understanding of international relations. Some participants may have declined to participate whole because the 15 questionnaire items may have been too much for them.Chapter IV ResultsThe forgets of this study revealed that as much as the United Nations has performed and continues to perform important roles in international relations, the organization did not live up to its billi ng. Since its inception, the United Nations has been dancing to the whims of the super powers, and the United States in particular. Contrary to expectations, the United Nations did not fundamentally challenge national sovereignty, it did not alter the existing distribution of power among nation-states, and it institutionalized the dominant position of the great powers specifically the victorious powers in the World War II. According to Goldstein (2003), the United Nations did not gain the monopoly on the legitimate use of force, which was necessary for it to become a world government with authority to impose order through superior use of force (p. 270).The reality of equality among states in the UN is another issue that raises many concerns among member states. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) are concerned that as much as the principles of the United Nations recognize the sovereign equality of all member states, and that each member state has one vote in the General assembly is far from the reality because member states are not equal in wealth and power (p.97). Moreover, only five major powers have permanent seats on the Security Council. Critics and admirers alike point out that the United Nations institutionalizes international inequality due to the fact that the Charter is loaded with idealistic principles that bear little resemblance to reality.Chapter V DiscussionThe credibility of the United Nations has been put to question due to issues surrounding sovereignty of the institution. The finish to which the United Nations can exercise decisive authority to stamp order in the law and order in the international system remains a riddle. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) concur that this is reason why the U.S. flew the U.N. flag in reversing the North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950 and the invasion of Iraq in 1990, and both violations were a violation of the international law under the UN charter (p.116).However, to the surprise of many, the United Nations never i ntervened militarily in similar illegal Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the Israel invasion of Lebanon in 1982 Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 117). These were clear indications that the United Nations is limited by the demands of power politics in the international system. According to Kochler (2006),the international system is fundamentally anarchical, with the great powers still dominating the international system and the United Nations itself (p.21)Power struggles is one of the biggest challenges facing the United Nations today. Kochler (2002) notes that like states, IGOs are largely designed by the dominant powers to serve their interests (p. 23) Kochler (2002) further notes that while the existence of the United Nations is int finish to maintain world peace and security, it is a world peace and security that perpetuates existing power arrangements and the economic and political systems that support them (p.24). A case in point is the 1989 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.The UN acted when Iraq invaded Kuwait, mainly because the US was able to dominate the Security Council and the invasion threatened to increase world oil color prices. This was classic power politics inside the guise of a modernistic world order (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 123). On the other hand, when the United Nations General Assembly issued a near universal condemnation of the U.S. invasion of Panama, the United States ignored the condemnations and executed the entire invasion with little regard to international concerns.These cases arose as a result of the weakness apparent in the structure of the United Nations. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) are concerned that the United Nations gives greater enforcement powers to the Security Council than to other bodies within the organization, yet the Security Council is dominated by the great powers which only pursue interests that are of significance to their nations (p.128).The other concern raised in regard to the performance of the United Nations is the aspect of equality in participation. In essence, cooperation does not necessarily imply the equality of participation or interests. As situations provide, states succor in institutions that exploit them because they perceive no alternative, just as the case with the UN, which clearly executes its mandate in favor of the interests of the super powers while neglecting the poor countries.A step by step analysis of the UN during and after the Cold War as well as after the September 11, 2001 terrorism attacks upon the United States reveals some of the most appalling weaknesses in the abilities of the United Nations to enforce lasting peace and security in the international system.The United Nations during the Cold WarThe period between 1945 and 1955 went down as one of the most unwieldy periods in the history of the United Nations. Marked by a Cold War stalemate that pitied the United States and the Soviet Union against each other, the UN made very little progress during this period due to shit use of veto powers by the two countries (Mesler, 1997, p.14).One of the biggest challenges that the United Nations faced was that of membership expansion because the US and Soviet exercised their veto powers to prevent the admission of new states perceived to be allied with the other side. Mesler (1997) reveals that between 1945 and 1955, the UN only managed to admit 9 new members (p.16). However, a 1955 bloc deal permitted admission of 16 new members, 8 on each side and the stalemate was avoided thereafter through frequent consultations and bargaining, and caucusing.The United Nations was also characterized by serious funding disputes during the Cold War. In 1956, the Soviet Bloc and several Arab States declined to contribute to the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) that was sent to set up a buffer between Israel and Egypt after the second Arab Israel war (Mesler, 1997, p.19). This war came about when Egypt under Nasser sought to nationalize the Briti sh controlled Suez Canal, an action the prompted a solving of war by Britain, France and Israel.Goldstein (2003) acknowledges that during the Cold War, the United Nations had few successes in international security because the U.S. Soviet conflict prevented consensus (2003, p.269). The United Nations had been relegated to irrelevance in a world order that had been structured by two contend alliance blocks. Mesler (1997) is concerned that although there were few worthy ask outions, such as agreements to station peacekeeping forces in the Middle East, the United Nations did not play a central role in solving international crisis (p.31).The predominance of tierce world membership added to the UN woos as they necessitated the shift of focus by the UN from security issues to economic and social problems of the poor countries. This was contrary to the international relations theory of realism which identifies low politics (economic and social matters) to be secondary to high politic s (military and security). Third world states also used the United Nations as a forum for criticizing the rich countries in general, with the United States having been their main target (Goldstein 2003 p. 270).In the 1950s and 1960s, the UN membership doubled as colonies in Africa and Asia gained independence. The expansion caused changes in the character of the general Assembly. According to Mesler (1997), The concerns of the new members were totally different from those of the western industrialized nations and on many occasions, showed open resentment to their former colonial get the hang (p.31). Moreover, the third world states became concerned about the overwhelming powers and privileges that the United States enjoyed in the UN. Mesler (1997) further reveals that third world countries were concerned in the manner in which the UN usually became effective in international security affairs when the United States led the efforts.These concerns led to the emergence of rifts betwee n the United States and the third world countries, and consequently, the United States found itself on the minority on many issues. By 1980s when the pressure from the third world countries became unbearable, the United States reacted by withholding their financial contributions to the United Nations. According to Mesler (1997), the non payment of U.S dues rose to more than $1 zillion and was subsequently followed by the withdrawal of membership from the UNESCO (p. 33).However, it must be noted that the UN registered quite some notable success in the late 1980s just to begin with the end of the Cold war. Mesler (1997) acknowledges that the UN successfully brought to an end several regional conflicts that included the 1988 Iraq Iran war and the Central American crisis (p.39). The UN successfully engineered ceasefire negotiations among the parties and provided peacekeeping forces that monitored the implementations of the ceasefire agreements.The United Nations after the Cold WarThe end of the Cold War marked the end of bipolar alignments in the international system and paved way to a multilateral order. This led to more flexible relations among states in the international system and thus great powers could finally agree on different issues regarding the international security. The end of the Cold War further brought to a halt the trend that the third world had deployed in playacting off the super powers against each other.According to Mesler (1997), greater cooperation emerged between the United States and the formerly hostile third world countries, a situation that moved the UN to the center stage of international relations (p.38). However, the United Nations still faced challenges that basically connect to the drive for power by the country that emerged as the global hegemon from the power struggle of the Cold War, in this case, the United States of America.By the early 1990s, the United Nations had successfully asserted its position as the worlds most im portant tool for settling international conflicts. According to an analysis provided by Goldstein (2003) in 1993, Security Council resolutions had increased to 78 from 15 in 1987 peacekeeping missions had risen to 17 from 5 in 1987 peacekeepers had risen to 78,000 from 12,000 in 1987 and countries send troops had risen to 76 from 26 in 1987 (p. 269). Moreover, the UN oversaw the independence of Namibia from South Africa and the countrys first free elections in 1990.However, the UN faced numerous frighten away challenges during the post-Cold War period. Mesler (1997) identifies the problem of inadequate funding that was occasioned by the non-payment of dues by the United States to have been one of the biggest challenges that the United Nations faced during the post Cold War period (p.42). The UN woos during the post-Cold War period were further worsened by the failure of the United States to honor its financial obligations to the organization Mesler (p.42).The United States failed t o pay its dues for many years, citing budgetary embezzlement by the UN as their main concern. The US congress demanded the shrinking of UN budgets and cutting down of staff jobs before sanctioning the allocation of funds to the UN. The US congress further delayed confirming the new US ambassador to the UN, Richard Holbrook, leaving the position vacant for a year. These particular free-riding tendencies by the US presented the UN with difficulties in delivering its core functions of collective security and responsibility.Another post Cold War draw back occurred in Angola, where, upon sending just a few peacekeepers to assist in the beefing up of security during the 1992 elections, hell broke well-fixed and rebels took up arms after the government won in the internationally observed elections. The UN was completely overwhelmed and could not contain the rebels. In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge faction refused to disarm according to the UN brokered peace plan it had signed, a process that was subsequently overtaken by events after a coup that interrupted Cambodias transition to democracy (Mesler 1997, p. 51).Mesler (1997) identifies Yugoslavia as the other place where the UN faced serious draw backs even after undertaking the largest peacekeeping mission of nearly 40,000 foreign troops costing $1 billion annually from 1993 and 1995 (P. 51). The mission was extremely disable by the variance that emerged between the type of forces sent (lightly armed forces equipped for humanitarian operations) and the situation on the ground which was a full scale territorial aggression by heavily armed forces (Mesler, 1997, p.52). This joyless combination came to be known as peacekeeping where there was no peace to keep.Mesler (1997) notes that in response to the problems of inefficiency and financial difficulties, the UN scaled back its peacekeeping troops from 78,000 in 1995 to 19,000 in 1997, and further carried out staff reduction and reforms in the UN secretariat and UN progr ams (p. 53).UN during the Post 9/11The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks upon the United States marked a turning point in the history of the United Nations. The US significantly increased its participation in the United Nations, and a decisive coalition of member states endorsed US war on terrorism. However, there are increased concerns throughout the world that the United States has hijacked the whole process to advance its own national interests at the expense of other states. The United Nations has been pushed to the periphery by the United States in the war on terrorism.The foreign policy measures adopted by the United States after the September 11terrorism attacks are a clear encroachment of the international law. The United States has masterminded the emergence of a new geo-strategic situation in the international system that has in effect reduced the United Nations to a mere rubber stamping authority. As the only hegemony, the United States has taken full advantage of its dominant status usurp the roles of the United Nations.The United States claims supreme authority for all measures related to the ongoing anti-terrorism campaigns and does not accept neutral arbiters such as the UN in determination of the actual terrorism threats (Kochler, 2002, p. 4). According to Kochler (2002) the United Nations has indeed been pushed to the sidelines and cannot act anymore according to the Charters doctrine of collective security, which since the end of World War II was and still ought to be the core element of multilateral international order represented or advocated, to be more realistic by the world body (p.9).Kochler (2002) asserts that by arrogating itself the right to act on behalf of the international community, the United States violates the principles that were established under the United Nations Charter which are exclusively reserved for the Security Council and can only be invoked in conformity with the regulations of Chapter 7 of the United Natio ns Charter (p.11).In its pursuits on the war on terror, the United States with the backing of its western allies attacked Afghanistan in October 2001. However, the attack did not receive the full backing of the United Nations Security Council. Therefore, despite the wide ranging support for the genuine course and concerns of the United States, it is important for operations of such magnitude to undertaken strictly under the full mandate of the United Nations.The other instance during which the United States undermined the authority of the United Nations was the invasion of Iraq in expose 2003. Although the Iraq invasion was well intended to rid the world of the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, once again the United States did not seek the full approval of the UN Security Council. The war in Iraq has ended up being too devastating, claiming lives of thousands of Iraqi citizens and military personnel of the US and its allies. A critical analysis of the Iraq war relative to the rational model of war reveals a big gap between the well-behaved achieved and the evil that has been intrench by the war. It is evident that the Iraq conflict could have been handled effectively by the United Nations through non-violent means as provided for by the chapter 6 of the Charter.The US war on terrorism is run on a platform of preventive war. The concept of preventive war as advanced in the new strategic doctrine of the United States is by all means incompatible with the United Nations Charter because the Charter explicitly and unequivocally bans use of force in all forms in the international system except in cases of self-defense or by way of chapter 7 of the UN Charter upon full approval of the Security council Kochler, 2002, p. 12).Kouchler (2002) further demonstrates his concerns by stating that under the present circumstances, national sovereignty though guaranteed by the United Nations Charter has been reduced to a states freedom to identify vis--vis the only superpower, with the alternative of either joining the forces of evil or opposing them, without any rights to participate in the determination of what is evil. Therefore, the United States has successfully entrenched its own strategic agendas in different parts of the world under the guise of counter-terrorism war (p. 21). Kouchler identifies the control over specific geopolitical regions and strategic natural resources to be among the key agenda of the US policies that are being implemented under the ongoing war on terror.The US war on terror has evidently taken heavy toll on peace and security in the entire international system. Apart from undermining the principle of collective security as espoused by the United Nations Charter, the counter-terrorism war has been detrimental to the principle of sovereignty and equality of states in the international system. Moreover, individual human rights and fundamental freedoms of citizens throughout the world have been cur tailed due to the ever increasing threats of retaliatory attacks from terrorists.Furthermore, citizens of countries under US military invasion have often become victims of indiscriminate use of force. The US war on terror further aggravates internal tensions, ignites pagan rivalries and deepens existing social problems in independent states that should otherwise enjoy the sovereignty and equal say in the international system. The United Nations has absolutely been dominated and eclipsed by the United States during the post September 11, 2001 period.Chapter VI inferenceThere exists a consensus among many states that the United Nations provides the best global forum for discussing general multilateral issues. States gain leverage by using the UN to seek more beneficial outcomes in conflicts. According to the United Nations website, the UN provides international stability acts as a representative symbol of global identity provides a forum where states farm their views and present t heir disputes and provides mechanisms for conflict resolutions in international security affairs. No single country in this world can sufficiently perform all these roles to the levels that the United Nations does.In numerous circumstances however, the United Nations has been referred to as a toothless dog that only barks but cannot bite due to its continued inability to enforce law and order in international relations. Linda (2003) asserts that despite these accusations, many of the failures of the United Nations occurred as a result of struggles among external forces rather than the organizations own failure (p.74). Linda (2003) cites the competition between the US and Soviet blocs as having been one of the biggest impediments in the UN during the Cold War (p.74).The United States and the Soviet applied their veto powers to block any decisions that were not in their favor. Moreover, the third world countries maximized on the weaknesses created by the Cold War rivalries to pursue t heir own selfish interests which were focused on economic and social interests. Therefore, the principle of collective security became secondary to other interests that were being pursued by both the developed and developing countries. Linda (2003) acknowledges that without adequate support from member countries, it became impossible for the United Nations to pursue the agenda of collective security (p.76).While the United Nations performed exceptionally well during the post Cold War era, its operations were severely affected by problems of inadequate funding. The organization was particularly affected by non-payment of dues by the United States. The post September 11 period has seen the United Nations being completely overshadowed by the US in the war against terror. Kochler (2002) warns that with the US war on terrorism having claimed so many lives right from its inception to date, there is an urgent need for change of tactic (p. 31). According to Kochler (2002) the United Nations needs to straighten out its rightful position as the global authority vested with powers to enforce peace and sanity in the international system (.p.32).Therefore, there is an urgent need for powerful countries to give the United Nations its due recognition as the world security and peacekeeping body. Countries such as the United States must learn to pursue their interests within the framework of chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter. Kochler (2002) further warns that the arbitrary attacks on other countries without the approval of the Security Council defeat the purpose and spirit of collective security as a whole (p.33). Such attacks and invasions only serve to divide the world even further along ideological, religious and economic lines.In order to achieve sustainable peace and security throughout the world, it must be acknowledged that the United Nations does not exist because it has powers to force its will on the worlds states rather, it exists because states founded it to serve their needs (Goldstein, 2006, p. 265). The United Nations should no longer be taken for granted. Although the international relations are still characterized by anarchy, the United Nations is the closest form of world government that the international system has ever cherished.Therefore, efforts must be harnessed to give the United Nations due recognition, greater financial capacity and more political powers to act on behalf of states in rearing world security and international relations. Goldstein contends that the United Nations further acts as a leverage for moderating be of achieving collective security, because UN dues and expenses of diplomatic representatives in addition to the agreement to behave in accordance with the Charter provide a cost effective avenue compared to the costs that individual countries would incur to achieve the same objectives (p.266).While the United Nations can serve as a forum for international cooperation, much can be achieved only if high coincidences of interests occur so that more agreements can be reached and implemented. Considering the fact that member states stop their full sovereignty status, binding decisions require cooperation and consensus rather than majority votes. Furthermore, there is urgent need for an turn over of the UN structures so as to eliminate the existing power gaps among member states.This follows concerns to the effect that the United Nations gives greater enforcement powers to the Security Council than to other bodies within the organization, yet the Security Council is dominated by the great powers which only pursue interests that are of significance to their nations. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) are categorical that more power should be transferred from the Security Council to the General Assembly where states receive equal recognition and voting rights (p. 134). The Security Council should also be expanded with the objective of distributing power as among member states as well within al l the organs of the United Nations.Although the main objective that motivated the foundation of the United Nations was the provision of international security through prevention of war, the other services being provided by the organization should never be ignored or pushed to the background. There are many problems which are global in nature that rely on the United Nations. According to Goldstein (2003) globalization has gradually transform the world into a single economy, thus multinational corporations are relocating from one country to another and building subsidiaries in several other countries (P.112). Subsequently the world has become more interdependent, with technology having transformed communication to instantaneous levels.All these developments have introduced new challenges and conditions in the international system that no single country can absorb all the pressure presented by such challenges and conditions. These conditions and challenges are presented in the form of population growth, healthcare issues like HIV-AIDS, environmental issues like global warming, drug trafficking and terrorism. Therefore, war should not be the only international dilemma for the United Nations. However, it may be that the United Nations remains too institutionally undeveloped, missing independent authority and resources, to effectively deal with any of these problems.Reference ListGoldstein, J. (2003). International Relations. Pearson Education, Inc.,Kochler, H. 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