An Evaluation of the Performance of the United Nations Essay Example for Free

An Evaluation of the Per versionance of the join Nations EssayAbstractThe coupled Nations is the most dominant stunnedside(a) governmental harmoniumization in the atomic number 18na. Having been organize with the main bearing of preventing war immediately later onwards instauration state of war II, so far-off it appears to pick up had bittie success in doing so. Yet there be m either problems that ar global in nature and thus dep block on the f altogether in Nations to address them. This has prompted scrutiny into the activities and personal business of the get together Nations with the maneuver of assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. This field of operations takes a faultfinding look into the structures and responsibilities of the governmental and protective covering department organs of the unite Nations with the civilize of identifying weaknesses and making proposals on how improve on the per variety showance of the organiz ation.Chapter I IntroductionIntroductory paragraphsThe ch each(prenominal)enge of in protective covering in multi internal relations remains champion of the biggest threats facing the piece today. Despite numerous spirited efforts by countries through and through and throughout the macrocosmnessnessly c at oncern to secure the world(prenominal) system from the ever so lurking dangers of multi bailiwick wars, the tenet of incorpo esteemd security remains as elusive as ever.Since the formation of the joined Nations (UN) in 1945, the orthogonal system has on the face of it been characterized by numerous security challenges that fork out particularly been defined by events during the common cold war, after the crisp War and after the September 11 2001 act of little terrorism attacks upon the joined States. With the lay downation of the joined Nations having been solidly present on the beliefs of corporal security, there atomic number 18 increasing concerns as to whether the coupled Nations is living up to its billing. ago events have clearly demonstrated that the fall in Nations lacks adequate capacity and authority to perform the principle of collective security. According to Goldstein (2003), The UN employ establishes a mechanism for collective security the banding together of the worlds states to stop an aggressor (p. 267). Chapter 7 of the drive explicitly authorizes the security system Council to use military force a learnst pugnacity if the use of non-violent conceives as captured in chapter 6 fail. According to the UN film, the unite Nations whitethorn intervene domestically in a state that commits acts of onset or poses threats to security.However, this principle is usually obligate selectively. Analysis by Roberts Kingsbury (1994) showed that because bully nations possess veto motives, the UN can non aggressively stop aggression by (or reign overed by) a great office render. Therefore, Chapter seven was used once during the Cold War in the Korean War when the Soviet deputation unwisely boycotted the shelter Council proceedings (p. 61).The U.S. flew the U.N. flag in reversing the North Korean violation of South Korea in 1950 and the invasion of Iraq in 1990, and both violations were a violation of the world(prenominal)ist castigateeousness beneath the UN charter (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 63). Goldstein (2003) notes that it was under Chapter 7 of the Charter that the UN authorized the use of force to reverse Iraq aggression against Kuwait in 1990 (p.269).To the storm of many, the fall in Nations never intervened militarily in standardised illegal Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the Israel invasion of Lebanon in 1982 (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 68). These were clear indications that the join Nations is especial(a) by the demands of power administration in the transnational system. Kochler (2002) emphasizes that the worldwide system is fundamentally anarch ical, with the great powers unagitated dominating the outside(a) system and the get together Nations itself (p. 6)Purpose of the cartoonJust as the League of Nations grew out of the World War I, the unify Nations grew out of the World War II. Like the League of Nations, The fall in Nations did not fundamentally challenge national sovereignty, it did not alter the breathing distribution of power among nation-states, and it institutionalized the dominant puzzle of the great powers specifically the victorious powers in the World War II. The United Nations did not gain the monopoly on the consistent use of force, which would be necessary to eng differenceer a world government and to impose show through superior force and authority. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the fundamental abilities of the United Nations in pursuing and achieving the principle of collective security in the international system.Research QuestionThe ever increasing threats to the stat e of security in the world have prompted a close scrutiny on the United Nations loading function of collective security. As a contemporary international governmental organization (IGO), the United Nations certainly does not constitute a world government with absolute power and authority to impose tranquility on the world. Yet, this does not mean the United Nations is powerless or in foolificant. slice the United Nations faces numerous hurdles in enforcing the international law due to the sovereignty statues of states and nation-states, the organization can yet influence the behavior of states and provide forums for discourse and fundamental interaction that would be considered much orderly than implied by the concept of anarchy. Therefore the research question involves a critical look into the performance of the United Nations relative to its main function of upholding the principle of collective security in the international system.HypothesisThe core empirical research hypothe sis of this study states that the United Nations has not succeeded in upholding the principle of collective security in the international system.Significance of the studyThe United Nations Charter is ground on unifying principles that suffice as the driving force for the organizations initiatives. One of the detect principles of the United Nations Charter is the recognition of the sovereign equivalence of all comp binglent states. As such, all subdivision states argon considered to be equally sovereign over their respective territories. Each subdivision state has one vote in the General assembly, yet they be not equal in wealth and power. Moreover, just now tailfin major powers have long-lasting seats on the protection Council.Critics and admirers alike point out that the United Nations institutionalizes international inequality due to the fact that the Charter is loaded with idealistic principles that bear little affinity to reality. Therefore the study is significant because it will highlight on the many challenges that the United Nations faces in its efforts to uphold the principle of collective security and make appropriate recommendations for addressing those particular challenges.Research LimitationsThe main limit point of this study is lack of sufficient writings regarding the problems that the United Nations encounters charm performing its core function of upholding the principle of collective security. Most of the experienceing literatures about the United Nations have focused more on the success of the organization rather than losers.Definition of harmFor the basis of this study, the definitions of international relations, international system, terrorism, international organizations and collective security will be expressed in the simplest termsInternational relations argon the does that define the terms of interaction state and non-state actors relate amongst themselves in the international system.International system refers to a set of relationships among world states, structured according to certain rules and patterns of interaction. Goldstein (2003) illustrates that whatever of these rules be implicit man spick-and-span(prenominal)s are explicit as they determine who is considered a member of the system, what rights and responsibilities members have and what kind of rights and responsibilities occur among states.Terrorism refers to a form of political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately, with the aim of gaining advantage in international bargaining occurrences. Terrorism usually becomes impressive if it succeeds in damaging the morale of a population and likewise when it gains media exposure for the cause.International organizations are organizations convolute in politically relevant activities whose social rank and activities occur in more than one sphere.Collective security is a principle of the UN Charter that advocates for the banding together of the worlds states to stop an aggression against member states. Under the principle of collective security, aggression against one member of the UN is seen as an aggression against all. Chapter 7 of the Charter explicitly authorizes the protective cover Council to use military force against aggression if the use of non-violent means as captured in chapter 6 fail.Chapter II BackgroundLiterature ReviewThe United Nations was founded at the end of World War II in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. The formation of the UN became apparent after the realization that the League of Nations had failed miserably. Mesler (1997) acknowledges that the failure of the League of Nations was precipitated by the lack of adequate power and authority, in stability in the international system and the involuntariness of the US Senate to ratify the treaty that formed the league (p. 11).However, the underlying principles that led to the formation of the United Nations are synonymous with those that governed the f ormation of the League of Nations. Unlike the League of Nations which lacked the backing of the US Senate, the United Nations get under ones skind the fire endorsement and backing of both the US Senate and President.As an international governmental organization (IGO), the foundation and substance of the United Nations is best demonstrated by the supposition of realness. According to the surmisal of realism, there is no world government, or political authority above the state, thus the international system is essentially anarchical without any overarching political torso capable of imposing law and order in the behavior of its members or nation-states(Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 19). The theory stresses on the centrality of the state, or nation-state, as the supreme political authority in world politics.The theory of realism is based on the assumption that the overriding motive of all states is self-preservation through maximization of power, a situation that transforms the international system to a static state of a war of all against all. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) note that stability is best maked through balance of power, which conducts from uninhibited interaction among states, with the most powerful country acting as a balancer (p.19).According to Goldstein (2003) the international relations theory of realism recognizes low politics ( sparing and affectionate matters) to be biteary to high politics (military and security) (p. 265). It is upon this premise that the United Nations was founded to act as the over-arching political body to impose law and order on the behavior. In essence, the United Nations would enforce peace by treating aggression against one as an aggression against all and collectively drubbinging the offender.The formation of the United Nations is further favored by the international relations theory of idealism. The theory of idealism is based on Immanuel Kants philosophic theory that focuses on the cooperative capacity of homo beings rather than their self-centeredness and lust for power. In his book titled incessant Peace, Immanuel Kant argued that just as the consensual establishment of government brings order and domestic tranquility to people indoors states, so does the establishment of a world congress among republican states in bringing perpetual peace to the world universally, thus ending the war for all time (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 39).Kant believed that a pacific union would desire to be made up of republican states based on representative governments, for when the people themselves rather than princes could fix whether or not to go to war, they would invariably avoid it, for it is they who must bear all the burdens of warfare. These republican governments would establish a world congress to settle disputes and avoid the potential for violent struggle. Kant ultimately laid the philosophical groundwork not solely for the contemporary theory of idealism, but also its corresponding institutionalization in the form of international governmental organizations (IGOs) like the United Nations (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 40).However, the two theories of realism and liberalism are sharply contrasted by the theory of liberalism. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) note that in the international system, liberalism theory recognizes state preferences as opposed to state capabilities, to be the elementary determinants of state behavior (p.44).Roberts Kingsbury (1994) point out that unlike the theory of realism where the state is seen as a unitary actor, liberalism advocates for plurality of state actions (p.45). The liberalism theory further states that interaction among states is not limited to high politics (military and security), but stretches further to low politics ( scotch and friendly matters). Therefore, this situation eliminates the anarchical situation in the international system as states gain plenty of opportunities for interaction through broader economic and cultural cooperation.Although the realism and liberalism theories befuddle different arguments concerning the founding philosophies of international organizations, both theories acknowledge the need for lasting peace and security in the international system. The spirit of peace and security is what cause the founding of the United Nations. The organization was founded with the main objective of maintaining international peace and security through peaceful settlement of disputes. The United Nations is further entrusted with the task of promoting economic and social co-operation, in part through consultation with non-governmental organizations as well as the promotion of human rights for populations throughout the world.The United Nations Charter is based on the principle that states are equal under international law states have across-the-board sovereignty over their own affairs that states should have lavish independence and territorial integrity and states should carry out the ir international obligations that include respecting diplomatic privileges, refraining from committing aggression, and observing the terms of the treaties they sign (Goldstein, 2003, p. 206). The Charter also lays out the structure of the United Nations and the methods by which it operates. According to the United Nations website, the structure of the United Nations consists of the General Assembly, the security measure Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.The secretariat is headed by the escritoire General and is principally the bureaucratic wing of the United Nations. The Secretary General serves for a maximum of two 5 year terms. The international Court of Justice is headquartered in Hague, Netherlands, and serves as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.It consists of fifteen judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms and separately one of them must be from a different state. While the decisions of the international Court of Justice are formally binding, it possesses no mechanisms of enforcement. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) coordinates the United Nations various specialized agencies while the Trusteeship Council was set up to oversee the administration of trusteeships.Weiss Dhows (2007) point out that the General assembly and the Security Council are the most important organs that handle issues that concern the principle of collective security (p.149). The general assembly is the only organ in which every member state is represented, with each state having scarcely one vote according to the spirit of sovereign equality. Linda (2003) further reveals that the General Assembly mainly serves as a forum for debates, reviews and setting of agenda (p.33). However, the enforcement of the decisions made by the General Assembly is never guaranteed in spite of the fact that the resolutions are usually passed by a 2/3 majority.The Security Council consists of five permanent members with veto powers. The five permanent members include the United States Britain, Russia, China and France. The Security Council also consists of 10 other members who are usually proposed by the General Assembly and serve on a 2-year rotation basis. The decisions of the Security Council are binding and enforceable.According to Weiss Dhows (2007), the Security Council deals with collective security and peacekeeping at the request of one or more of the parties in conflict. Moreover, the Security Council has the rights to investigate any dispute or situation that efficacy threaten international peace and security, and to recommend methods of resolution. The Security Council further negotiates ceasefires and disengagements as instruments of conflict resolution. The council is further vested with powers to authorisation or authorize the use of military force to contain a conflict.However, the powers of the Security Council are limited in two ways first, the councils decisions depends entirely on the interests of member states, thus the ambassadors who represent the states cannot form a council resolution without authorization from their respective governments and second, member states a good deal try to evade or develop the effects of binding resolutions made by the Security Council. However, Goldstein (2003) warns that Security Council resolution can be enforced only if enough powerful states care about it (p. 272).The Security Council runs a formal mechanism for organize multilateral military action in answer to aggression, referred to as the Military Staff Committee. The delegation is placid of military officers from the permanent council members. The Military Staff Committee was established under chapter 43 of the United Nations charter.However, the committee has never been used due to the fact that the United States opposes the procedure of placing its forces under non-US commanders (Goldst ein, 2003, p.272). According to Goldstein (2006) this is the reason why military forces responding to aggression under the auspices of the Security Council resolutions have always remained under their respective national commands, as was the case during the Gulf War where the U.S. forces undertook the direction of enforcing a UN resolution but did not break UN insignia or flags (p.273).The Cold war rivalry amongst the United States and the Soviet is considered to be one of the biggest challenges that ever characterized the United Nations Security Council. The rivalry had split the member states into two blocks, a situation that led to the excess use of veto powers by the United States and the Soviet.According to the Un Committee Report on contributors, the United Nations is funded through contributions from member states. Contributions are assessed according the economic strengths of the member states. The United States has always been the largest contributor to the United Natio ns. The United States used to contribute 25% of the UN budget until 1997 when maximum contribution was reduced to 20% under the determine of the then Secretary General Kofi Annan. The poorest majority of the General Assembly may pay less than 1% while the ten wealthiest contributors pay 75% of the budget, but cast less 75 of the vote.Major contributors to the systematic UN budget for 2006Member StateContribution% of total UN budgetUnited States22.00%Japan19.47%Germany8.66%United farming6.13%France6.03%Italy4.89%Canada2.81%Spain2.52%China2.05%Mexico1.88%Australia1.59%Brazil1.52%Source www.unstats.un.org The above statistics are representative sample of financial contributions from UN member countries. only member states make contributions to the UN.Chapter III MethodsThe proposed study is based on a pre-post design, meaning that performance valuation was based on events during the Cold War, after the Cold War and the events after the September 11, 2001 terrorism attacks upon th e United States. Participants were asked to state their opinions and answer opinions on questions regarding the performance of the United Nations relative to its key duties of ensuring collective security for all member states. The study mainly consisted of a demographic questionnaire consisting of 15 items that were designed to measure the attitudes of the participants concerning the roles of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security. The study involved a two-dimensional approach of tolerance and stability.Tolerance refers to the point to which the principle of collective security is accepted as a politically tolerable action while stability refers to domestic and international legitimacy of the principle of collective security. The demographic questionnaire further consisted of descriptive breeding of the participants such as age, sex, religion, nationality, gender and race. The study also involved comprehensive research from existing literature that was design ed to assess the validity of theories of international relations and international law to the founding principles of the United Nations. entropy collectionStratified random samples were drawn from both online college populations and the general public, followed by simple random take in each group. The study employed both theoretical and accessible populations in sampling with the aim of reaching wide and varying audiences. The sourced reports obtained from participants provided helpful insights into the different opinions and attitudes that different people of different ages, gender, religion, nationalities and races have towards the United Nations relative to the performance of its international duties. The population sample targeted existing views from participants aged 18 year and above. info abbreviationAn psychoanalysis of variance was used to measure the data. Repeated measurements of data were used to determine and rate different opinions and attitudes from different parti cipants concerning aspects of collective security functions of the United Nations.LimitationsLimitations in the context of this study refer to the factors which may have prevented the persons from participating or responding accurately to the questionnaires. The main limitation of this study involved geographical constraints. It was ambitious to involve people from all member states of the United Nations given that the UN membership currently stands at more than 200 states. There were also restraints in terms of correct interpretation of the questions as many participants did not have deep knowledge and understanding of international relations. Some participants may have declined to participate whole because the 15 questionnaire items may have been too much for them.Chapter IV ResultsThe forgets of this study revealed that as much as the United Nations has performed and continues to perform important roles in international relations, the organization did not live up to its billi ng. Since its inception, the United Nations has been dancing to the whims of the super powers, and the United States in particular. Contrary to expectations, the United Nations did not fundamentally challenge national sovereignty, it did not alter the existing distribution of power among nation-states, and it institutionalized the dominant position of the great powers specifically the victorious powers in the World War II. According to Goldstein (2003), the United Nations did not gain the monopoly on the legitimate use of force, which was necessary for it to become a world government with authority to impose order through superior use of force (p. 270).The reality of equality among states in the UN is another issue that raises many concerns among member states. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) are concerned that as much as the principles of the United Nations recognize the sovereign equality of all member states, and that each member state has one vote in the General assembly is far from the reality because member states are not equal in wealth and power (p.97). Moreover, only five major powers have permanent seats on the Security Council. Critics and admirers alike point out that the United Nations institutionalizes international inequality due to the fact that the Charter is loaded with idealistic principles that bear little resemblance to reality.Chapter V DiscussionThe credibility of the United Nations has been put to question due to issues surrounding sovereignty of the institution. The finish to which the United Nations can exercise decisive authority to stamp order in the law and order in the international system remains a riddle. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) concur that this is reason why the U.S. flew the U.N. flag in reversing the North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950 and the invasion of Iraq in 1990, and both violations were a violation of the international law under the UN charter (p.116).However, to the surprise of many, the United Nations never i ntervened militarily in similar illegal Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the Israel invasion of Lebanon in 1982 Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 117). These were clear indications that the United Nations is limited by the demands of power politics in the international system. According to Kochler (2006),the international system is fundamentally anarchical, with the great powers still dominating the international system and the United Nations itself (p.21)Power struggles is one of the biggest challenges facing the United Nations today. Kochler (2002) notes that like states, IGOs are largely designed by the dominant powers to serve their interests (p. 23) Kochler (2002) further notes that while the existence of the United Nations is int finish to maintain world peace and security, it is a world peace and security that perpetuates existing power arrangements and the economic and political systems that support them (p.24). A case in point is the 1989 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.The UN acted when Iraq invaded Kuwait, mainly because the US was able to dominate the Security Council and the invasion threatened to increase world oil color prices. This was classic power politics inside the guise of a modernistic world order (Roberts Kingsbury, 1994, p. 123). On the other hand, when the United Nations General Assembly issued a near universal condemnation of the U.S. invasion of Panama, the United States ignored the condemnations and executed the entire invasion with little regard to international concerns.These cases arose as a result of the weakness apparent in the structure of the United Nations. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) are concerned that the United Nations gives greater enforcement powers to the Security Council than to other bodies within the organization, yet the Security Council is dominated by the great powers which only pursue interests that are of significance to their nations (p.128).The other concern raised in regard to the performance of the United Nations is the aspect of equality in participation. In essence, cooperation does not necessarily imply the equality of participation or interests. As situations provide, states succor in institutions that exploit them because they perceive no alternative, just as the case with the UN, which clearly executes its mandate in favor of the interests of the super powers while neglecting the poor countries.A step by step analysis of the UN during and after the Cold War as well as after the September 11, 2001 terrorism attacks upon the United States reveals some of the most appalling weaknesses in the abilities of the United Nations to enforce lasting peace and security in the international system.The United Nations during the Cold WarThe period between 1945 and 1955 went down as one of the most unwieldy periods in the history of the United Nations. Marked by a Cold War stalemate that pitied the United States and the Soviet Union against each other, the UN made very little progress during this period due to shit use of veto powers by the two countries (Mesler, 1997, p.14).One of the biggest challenges that the United Nations faced was that of membership expansion because the US and Soviet exercised their veto powers to prevent the admission of new states perceived to be allied with the other side. Mesler (1997) reveals that between 1945 and 1955, the UN only managed to admit 9 new members (p.16). However, a 1955 bloc deal permitted admission of 16 new members, 8 on each side and the stalemate was avoided thereafter through frequent consultations and bargaining, and caucusing.The United Nations was also characterized by serious funding disputes during the Cold War. In 1956, the Soviet Bloc and several Arab States declined to contribute to the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) that was sent to set up a buffer between Israel and Egypt after the second Arab Israel war (Mesler, 1997, p.19). This war came about when Egypt under Nasser sought to nationalize the Briti sh controlled Suez Canal, an action the prompted a solving of war by Britain, France and Israel.Goldstein (2003) acknowledges that during the Cold War, the United Nations had few successes in international security because the U.S. Soviet conflict prevented consensus (2003, p.269). The United Nations had been relegated to irrelevance in a world order that had been structured by two contend alliance blocks. Mesler (1997) is concerned that although there were few worthy ask outions, such as agreements to station peacekeeping forces in the Middle East, the United Nations did not play a central role in solving international crisis (p.31).The predominance of tierce world membership added to the UN woos as they necessitated the shift of focus by the UN from security issues to economic and social problems of the poor countries. This was contrary to the international relations theory of realism which identifies low politics (economic and social matters) to be secondary to high politic s (military and security). Third world states also used the United Nations as a forum for criticizing the rich countries in general, with the United States having been their main target (Goldstein 2003 p. 270).In the 1950s and 1960s, the UN membership doubled as colonies in Africa and Asia gained independence. The expansion caused changes in the character of the general Assembly. According to Mesler (1997), The concerns of the new members were totally different from those of the western industrialized nations and on many occasions, showed open resentment to their former colonial get the hang (p.31). Moreover, the third world states became concerned about the overwhelming powers and privileges that the United States enjoyed in the UN. Mesler (1997) further reveals that third world countries were concerned in the manner in which the UN usually became effective in international security affairs when the United States led the efforts.These concerns led to the emergence of rifts betwee n the United States and the third world countries, and consequently, the United States found itself on the minority on many issues. By 1980s when the pressure from the third world countries became unbearable, the United States reacted by withholding their financial contributions to the United Nations. According to Mesler (1997), the non payment of U.S dues rose to more than $1 zillion and was subsequently followed by the withdrawal of membership from the UNESCO (p. 33).However, it must be noted that the UN registered quite some notable success in the late 1980s just to begin with the end of the Cold war. Mesler (1997) acknowledges that the UN successfully brought to an end several regional conflicts that included the 1988 Iraq Iran war and the Central American crisis (p.39). The UN successfully engineered ceasefire negotiations among the parties and provided peacekeeping forces that monitored the implementations of the ceasefire agreements.The United Nations after the Cold WarThe end of the Cold War marked the end of bipolar alignments in the international system and paved way to a multilateral order. This led to more flexible relations among states in the international system and thus great powers could finally agree on different issues regarding the international security. The end of the Cold War further brought to a halt the trend that the third world had deployed in playacting off the super powers against each other.According to Mesler (1997), greater cooperation emerged between the United States and the formerly hostile third world countries, a situation that moved the UN to the center stage of international relations (p.38). However, the United Nations still faced challenges that basically connect to the drive for power by the country that emerged as the global hegemon from the power struggle of the Cold War, in this case, the United States of America.By the early 1990s, the United Nations had successfully asserted its position as the worlds most im portant tool for settling international conflicts. According to an analysis provided by Goldstein (2003) in 1993, Security Council resolutions had increased to 78 from 15 in 1987 peacekeeping missions had risen to 17 from 5 in 1987 peacekeepers had risen to 78,000 from 12,000 in 1987 and countries send troops had risen to 76 from 26 in 1987 (p. 269). Moreover, the UN oversaw the independence of Namibia from South Africa and the countrys first free elections in 1990.However, the UN faced numerous frighten away challenges during the post-Cold War period. Mesler (1997) identifies the problem of inadequate funding that was occasioned by the non-payment of dues by the United States to have been one of the biggest challenges that the United Nations faced during the post Cold War period (p.42). The UN woos during the post-Cold War period were further worsened by the failure of the United States to honor its financial obligations to the organization Mesler (p.42).The United States failed t o pay its dues for many years, citing budgetary embezzlement by the UN as their main concern. The US congress demanded the shrinking of UN budgets and cutting down of staff jobs before sanctioning the allocation of funds to the UN. The US congress further delayed confirming the new US ambassador to the UN, Richard Holbrook, leaving the position vacant for a year. These particular free-riding tendencies by the US presented the UN with difficulties in delivering its core functions of collective security and responsibility.Another post Cold War draw back occurred in Angola, where, upon sending just a few peacekeepers to assist in the beefing up of security during the 1992 elections, hell broke well-fixed and rebels took up arms after the government won in the internationally observed elections. The UN was completely overwhelmed and could not contain the rebels. In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge faction refused to disarm according to the UN brokered peace plan it had signed, a process that was subsequently overtaken by events after a coup that interrupted Cambodias transition to democracy (Mesler 1997, p. 51).Mesler (1997) identifies Yugoslavia as the other place where the UN faced serious draw backs even after undertaking the largest peacekeeping mission of nearly 40,000 foreign troops costing $1 billion annually from 1993 and 1995 (P. 51). The mission was extremely disable by the variance that emerged between the type of forces sent (lightly armed forces equipped for humanitarian operations) and the situation on the ground which was a full scale territorial aggression by heavily armed forces (Mesler, 1997, p.52). This joyless combination came to be known as peacekeeping where there was no peace to keep.Mesler (1997) notes that in response to the problems of inefficiency and financial difficulties, the UN scaled back its peacekeeping troops from 78,000 in 1995 to 19,000 in 1997, and further carried out staff reduction and reforms in the UN secretariat and UN progr ams (p. 53).UN during the Post 9/11The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks upon the United States marked a turning point in the history of the United Nations. The US significantly increased its participation in the United Nations, and a decisive coalition of member states endorsed US war on terrorism. However, there are increased concerns throughout the world that the United States has hijacked the whole process to advance its own national interests at the expense of other states. The United Nations has been pushed to the periphery by the United States in the war on terrorism.The foreign policy measures adopted by the United States after the September 11terrorism attacks are a clear encroachment of the international law. The United States has masterminded the emergence of a new geo-strategic situation in the international system that has in effect reduced the United Nations to a mere rubber stamping authority. As the only hegemony, the United States has taken full advantage of its dominant status usurp the roles of the United Nations.The United States claims supreme authority for all measures related to the ongoing anti-terrorism campaigns and does not accept neutral arbiters such as the UN in determination of the actual terrorism threats (Kochler, 2002, p. 4). According to Kochler (2002) the United Nations has indeed been pushed to the sidelines and cannot act anymore according to the Charters doctrine of collective security, which since the end of World War II was and still ought to be the core element of multilateral international order represented or advocated, to be more realistic by the world body (p.9).Kochler (2002) asserts that by arrogating itself the right to act on behalf of the international community, the United States violates the principles that were established under the United Nations Charter which are exclusively reserved for the Security Council and can only be invoked in conformity with the regulations of Chapter 7 of the United Natio ns Charter (p.11).In its pursuits on the war on terror, the United States with the backing of its western allies attacked Afghanistan in October 2001. However, the attack did not receive the full backing of the United Nations Security Council. Therefore, despite the wide ranging support for the genuine course and concerns of the United States, it is important for operations of such magnitude to undertaken strictly under the full mandate of the United Nations.The other instance during which the United States undermined the authority of the United Nations was the invasion of Iraq in expose 2003. Although the Iraq invasion was well intended to rid the world of the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, once again the United States did not seek the full approval of the UN Security Council. The war in Iraq has ended up being too devastating, claiming lives of thousands of Iraqi citizens and military personnel of the US and its allies. A critical analysis of the Iraq war relative to the rational model of war reveals a big gap between the well-behaved achieved and the evil that has been intrench by the war. It is evident that the Iraq conflict could have been handled effectively by the United Nations through non-violent means as provided for by the chapter 6 of the Charter.The US war on terrorism is run on a platform of preventive war. The concept of preventive war as advanced in the new strategic doctrine of the United States is by all means incompatible with the United Nations Charter because the Charter explicitly and unequivocally bans use of force in all forms in the international system except in cases of self-defense or by way of chapter 7 of the UN Charter upon full approval of the Security council Kochler, 2002, p. 12).Kouchler (2002) further demonstrates his concerns by stating that under the present circumstances, national sovereignty though guaranteed by the United Nations Charter has been reduced to a states freedom to identify vis--vis the only superpower, with the alternative of either joining the forces of evil or opposing them, without any rights to participate in the determination of what is evil. Therefore, the United States has successfully entrenched its own strategic agendas in different parts of the world under the guise of counter-terrorism war (p. 21). Kouchler identifies the control over specific geopolitical regions and strategic natural resources to be among the key agenda of the US policies that are being implemented under the ongoing war on terror.The US war on terror has evidently taken heavy toll on peace and security in the entire international system. Apart from undermining the principle of collective security as espoused by the United Nations Charter, the counter-terrorism war has been detrimental to the principle of sovereignty and equality of states in the international system. Moreover, individual human rights and fundamental freedoms of citizens throughout the world have been cur tailed due to the ever increasing threats of retaliatory attacks from terrorists.Furthermore, citizens of countries under US military invasion have often become victims of indiscriminate use of force. The US war on terror further aggravates internal tensions, ignites pagan rivalries and deepens existing social problems in independent states that should otherwise enjoy the sovereignty and equal say in the international system. The United Nations has absolutely been dominated and eclipsed by the United States during the post September 11, 2001 period.Chapter VI inferenceThere exists a consensus among many states that the United Nations provides the best global forum for discussing general multilateral issues. States gain leverage by using the UN to seek more beneficial outcomes in conflicts. According to the United Nations website, the UN provides international stability acts as a representative symbol of global identity provides a forum where states farm their views and present t heir disputes and provides mechanisms for conflict resolutions in international security affairs. No single country in this world can sufficiently perform all these roles to the levels that the United Nations does.In numerous circumstances however, the United Nations has been referred to as a toothless dog that only barks but cannot bite due to its continued inability to enforce law and order in international relations. Linda (2003) asserts that despite these accusations, many of the failures of the United Nations occurred as a result of struggles among external forces rather than the organizations own failure (p.74). Linda (2003) cites the competition between the US and Soviet blocs as having been one of the biggest impediments in the UN during the Cold War (p.74).The United States and the Soviet applied their veto powers to block any decisions that were not in their favor. Moreover, the third world countries maximized on the weaknesses created by the Cold War rivalries to pursue t heir own selfish interests which were focused on economic and social interests. Therefore, the principle of collective security became secondary to other interests that were being pursued by both the developed and developing countries. Linda (2003) acknowledges that without adequate support from member countries, it became impossible for the United Nations to pursue the agenda of collective security (p.76).While the United Nations performed exceptionally well during the post Cold War era, its operations were severely affected by problems of inadequate funding. The organization was particularly affected by non-payment of dues by the United States. The post September 11 period has seen the United Nations being completely overshadowed by the US in the war against terror. Kochler (2002) warns that with the US war on terrorism having claimed so many lives right from its inception to date, there is an urgent need for change of tactic (p. 31). According to Kochler (2002) the United Nations needs to straighten out its rightful position as the global authority vested with powers to enforce peace and sanity in the international system (.p.32).Therefore, there is an urgent need for powerful countries to give the United Nations its due recognition as the world security and peacekeeping body. Countries such as the United States must learn to pursue their interests within the framework of chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter. Kochler (2002) further warns that the arbitrary attacks on other countries without the approval of the Security Council defeat the purpose and spirit of collective security as a whole (p.33). Such attacks and invasions only serve to divide the world even further along ideological, religious and economic lines.In order to achieve sustainable peace and security throughout the world, it must be acknowledged that the United Nations does not exist because it has powers to force its will on the worlds states rather, it exists because states founded it to serve their needs (Goldstein, 2006, p. 265). The United Nations should no longer be taken for granted. Although the international relations are still characterized by anarchy, the United Nations is the closest form of world government that the international system has ever cherished.Therefore, efforts must be harnessed to give the United Nations due recognition, greater financial capacity and more political powers to act on behalf of states in rearing world security and international relations. Goldstein contends that the United Nations further acts as a leverage for moderating be of achieving collective security, because UN dues and expenses of diplomatic representatives in addition to the agreement to behave in accordance with the Charter provide a cost effective avenue compared to the costs that individual countries would incur to achieve the same objectives (p.266).While the United Nations can serve as a forum for international cooperation, much can be achieved only if high coincidences of interests occur so that more agreements can be reached and implemented. Considering the fact that member states stop their full sovereignty status, binding decisions require cooperation and consensus rather than majority votes. Furthermore, there is urgent need for an turn over of the UN structures so as to eliminate the existing power gaps among member states.This follows concerns to the effect that the United Nations gives greater enforcement powers to the Security Council than to other bodies within the organization, yet the Security Council is dominated by the great powers which only pursue interests that are of significance to their nations. Roberts Kingsbury (1994) are categorical that more power should be transferred from the Security Council to the General Assembly where states receive equal recognition and voting rights (p. 134). The Security Council should also be expanded with the objective of distributing power as among member states as well within al l the organs of the United Nations.Although the main objective that motivated the foundation of the United Nations was the provision of international security through prevention of war, the other services being provided by the organization should never be ignored or pushed to the background. There are many problems which are global in nature that rely on the United Nations. According to Goldstein (2003) globalization has gradually transform the world into a single economy, thus multinational corporations are relocating from one country to another and building subsidiaries in several other countries (P.112). Subsequently the world has become more interdependent, with technology having transformed communication to instantaneous levels.All these developments have introduced new challenges and conditions in the international system that no single country can absorb all the pressure presented by such challenges and conditions. These conditions and challenges are presented in the form of population growth, healthcare issues like HIV-AIDS, environmental issues like global warming, drug trafficking and terrorism. Therefore, war should not be the only international dilemma for the United Nations. However, it may be that the United Nations remains too institutionally undeveloped, missing independent authority and resources, to effectively deal with any of these problems.Reference ListGoldstein, J. (2003). International Relations. Pearson Education, Inc.,Kochler, H. 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